Echinochloa frumentacea

Species category

Agricultural

Common name

billion-dollar grass

Diagnostic characters

Planting unit

SpikeletSpikelet:
One or more florets that are subtended by a pair of bracts called glumes. Spikelets are pedicellate if located on a pedicle and sessile if attached directly to the rachis. Often spikelets with single florets have remnants of a second floret, usually a lemma.

Shape

OvateOvate:
Egg-shaped with basal end the broadest.

Size

  • Length 3 mm
  • Width 2 mm
  • Thickness 1.5 mm

Color

Brown glumesGlume:
The pair of chaffy bracts that occur at the base of a grass spikelet, often completely enclosing it.
; yellow to gray floretsFloret:
A small flower in a clustered inflorescence (e.g., sunflower, grasses). In grasses, a floret consists of the lemma, palea, stamens, and pistil.
with yellow lines.

Texture

GlumesGlume:
The pair of chaffy bracts that occur at the base of a grass spikelet, often completely enclosing it.
have some hispid hairs on the veins. FloretsFloret:
A small flower in a clustered inflorescence (e.g., sunflower, grasses). In grasses, a floret consists of the lemma, palea, stamens, and pistil.
are shiny and smooth.

Lemma

Very convex; apexApical:
The distal end of the fruit or seed away from the point of attachment or attachment scar.
is more pointed than the base.

Palea

Flat

Other structures

Sterile lemmaLemma:
One of two bracts of the grass floret; it is located on the side nearest the embryo and opposite the rachilla.
is short awned and longer than the second glumeGlume:
The pair of chaffy bracts that occur at the base of a grass spikelet, often completely enclosing it.
.

Identification notes

The units found in commerce can be spikeletsSpikelet:
One or more florets that are subtended by a pair of bracts called glumes. Spikelets are pedicellate if located on a pedicle and sessile if attached directly to the rachis. Often spikelets with single florets have remnants of a second floret, usually a lemma.
, floretsFloret:
A small flower in a clustered inflorescence (e.g., sunflower, grasses). In grasses, a floret consists of the lemma, palea, stamens, and pistil.
, or caryopsesCaryopsis:
The single-seeded fruit or grain of the grass family (Poaceae); the fruit wall (pericarp) is united with the seed coat (testa).
. They are very difficult to distinguish from those of E. crus-galli.

Noxious weed seed categories

Not listed

AOSA examination list

Included

Nomenclature

Family

Poaceae

Valid name

Echinochloa frumentacea Link

Synonyms

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. edulis Hitchc.
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. var. frumentacea (Roxb.) W. Wight
Panicum frumentaceum Roxb., non Salisb.

 Echinochloa frumentacea.  Brown glumes and yellow to gray florets with yellow lines. 
Echinochloa frumentacea. Brown glumes and yellow to gray florets with yellow lines.