Endeostigmata

t

Taxonomy

Alycidae Canestrini & Fanzago 1877 (=Pachygnathidae Kramer 1877, Bimichaeliidae Womersley 1944Womersley 1944:
Womersley H. 1944. Australian Acarina, families Alycidae and Nanorchestidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 68: 133–143.)

Diagnosis

Prodorsumprodorsum:
the dorsal surface of the propodosoma.
with 2 pairs of filiform trichobothriatrichobothrium:
(pl. trichobothria) (= bothridial sensillum) an often elaborately modified seta set in a cup-like base; forms include filiform, ciliate, pectinate or variously thickened or clubbed (bat-like to globose or capitate).
; chelicerae attenuate-edentate, with swollen bases and nude; 3 pairs of genital papillaegenital papillae:
 1-3 pairs of extrusible finger-like to button-like projections, usually retracted into in the genital vestibule of acariform mites; sometimes formed as sessile disks around the genital opening; thought to be osmoregulatory structures; modified or multiplied and dispersed over the body in many freshwater mites.  Genital papillae are absent in the larva, but may be added ontogenetically: protonymphs have one pair, deutonymphs two pairs, and tritonymphs (and adults) three pairs.  The tritonymphal pair of papillae is often lost.  The serially homologous Claparède's organ is usually present in the larvae (and prelarvae) of mites exhibiting genital papillae in nymphs and adults (Oudeman's Rule).
in tritonymphtritonymph:
the third, and final, nymphal stage or instar present in Opilioacarida, Holothyrida, Argasidae, and many Acariformes.
and adult. Leg IV not modified for jumping.

Remarks

An unidentified species of 'Pachygnathus' from the intertidal is reported to have gut boluses with the cuticle of copepods and tardigrades (Schuster 1979Schuster 1979:
Schuster R. 1979. Soil mites in the marine environment. pp. 593–602. In: Rodríguez JG, ed. Recent advances in Acarology, Volume 1. Academic Press, New York.).

References

• Delgado and de Alzuet 1985Delgado and de Alzuet 1985:
  Delgado AGC, de Alzuet AB. 1987 (1985). Estudio comparativo de la region genito-anal en Pachygnathus silvaticus (Acarina Prostigmata: Pachygnathidae). Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 44 (3-4): 337–340.
• Grandjean 1936bGrandjean 1936b:
  Grandjean F. 1936b. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugês (Alycus Koch) (Acariens), ire partie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 8 (ser. 2): 398–405.
• Grandjean 1937aGrandjean 1937a:
  Grandjean F. 1937a. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugês (Alycus Koch) (Acariens). Deuxième partie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 9 (ser. 2): 56–61, figs 1–3.
• Grandjean 1937bGrandjean 1937b:
  Grandjean F. 1937b. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugês (Alycus Koch) (Acariens). Troisième partie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 9 (ser. 2): 134–138, figs 4–5.
• Grandjean 1937cGrandjean 1937c:
  Grandjean F. 1937c. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugês (Alycus Koch) (Acariens). Quatrième partie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 9 (ser. 2): 199–205, figs 6–8.
• Grandjean 1937dGrandjean 1937d:
  Grandjean F. 1937d. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugês (Alycus Koch) (Acariens), cinquième et dernière partie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 9 (ser. 2): 262–269, fig 9.
• Halliday 1998Halliday 1998:
  Halliday B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. Monographs on Invertebrate Taxonomy, Vol. 5. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.
• Hammen 1969aHammen 1969a:
  Hammen L, van der. 1969a. Notes on the morphology of Alycus roseus C.L. Koch. Zoologische Mededelingen 43: 177-202.
• Judson 2000Judson 2000:
  Judson M. 2000. Nomenclatorial problems assoicated with the names Alycidae Canestrini & Fazago, 1877 and Pachygnathidae Kramer, 1877 (Acari). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 78 (2): 533-540.
• Kethley 1982dKethley 1982d:
  Kethley JB. 1982d. Endeostigmata. pp. 118-120. In: Parker SP, ed. Synopsis and classification of living organisms, Vol. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Kethley 1990aKethley 1990a:
  Kethley JB. 1990a. Acarina: Prostigmata (Actinedida). pp. 667-756. In: Dindal DL, ed. Soil biology guide. John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
• Kethley 1990bKethley 1990b:
  Kethley JB. 1990b. The prelarva of Alycus roseus Koch (Bimichaeliidae: Acariformes: Acari). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 (5): 1058-1061.
• Kethley 1991Kethley 1991:
  Kethley J. 1991. Probable tritonymphal sexual dimorphism in Alycus roseus (Bimichaeliidae: Acariformes: Acari). Journal of Entomological Science 26 (1): 130-135.
• Krivolutski et al. 1978Krivolutski et al. 1978:
  Krivolutski DA, Livshits IZ, and Mitrofanov VI. 1978. Pachygnathidae. pp. 91-96. In: Gilyarov MS, ed. Identification key of soil-inhabiting mites, Trombidiformes. Nauka, Moscow.
• McDaniel 1980McDaniel 1980:
  McDaniel B. 1980. New species of the genus Bimichaelia Thor (Acari, Endeostigmata) from South Dakota. Acarologia 21 (2): 177-186.
• McDaniel and Bolen 1983McDaniel and Bolen 1983:
  McDaniel B and Bolen EG. 1983. Mites of the family Pachygnathidae (Acari: Endeostigmata) from Texas. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85 (4): 811-817.
• OConnor 1984cOConnor 1984c:
  OConnor BM. 1984c. 1. Speciation and evolution in Acari 1.2 Phylogenetic relationships among higher taxa in the Acariformes, with particular reference to the Astigmata. pp. 19-27. In: Griffiths DA and Bowman CE, eds. Acarology VI, Vol. I. Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester.
• Olivier 1982Olivier 1982:
  Olivier PAS. 1982. A taxonomic study of the Prostigmata (Acari) in a savannah-biotope at Nylsvley. Zoological Society of Southern Africa Occasional Bulletin 2: 113.
• Schuster 1979Schuster 1979:
  Schuster R. 1979. Soil mites in the marine environment. pp. 593-602. In: Rodríguez JG, ed. Recent advances in Acarology, Volume 1. Academic Press, New York.
• Theron 1977Theron 1977:
  Theron PD. 1977. New species of the genus Petralycus Grandjean (Acari: Endeostigmata) from South Africa. Acarologia 19: 38-45.
• Theron 1979Theron 1979:
  Theron PD. 1979. The functional morphology of the gnathosoma of some liquid and solid feeders in the Trombidiformes, Cryptostigmata and Astigmata (Acarina). pp. 575-579. In: Piffl E, ed. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Acarology. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
• Thor and Willman 1941Thor and Willman 1941:
  Thor S and Willman C. 1941. Acarina - 71a. Eupodidae, Penthalodidae, Penthaleidae, Rhagidiidae, Pachygnathidae, Cunaxidae. Das Teirreich 71: 1-186.
• Vazquez 1996Vazquez 1996:
  Vazquez IM. 1996. New species of Nanorchestes (Endeostigmata, Nanorchestidae) from sand beach at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. (Especie nueva de Nanorchestes (Endeostigmata, Nanorchestidae) de arena de playa en La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico.) Anales Del Instituto De Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico Serie Zoologia 67 (2): 205-211.
• Walter 1988cWalter 1988c:
  Walter DE. 1988c. Predation and mycophagy by endeostigmatid mites (Acariformes: Prostigmata). Experimental and Applied Acarology 4: 159-166.
• Walter 2001Walter 2001:
  Walter DE. 2001. Endemism and cryptogenesis in ‘segmented’ mites: A review of Australian Alicorhagiidae, Terpnacaridae, Oehserchestidae and Grandjeanicidae (Acari, Sarcoptiformes). Australian Journal of Entomology 40: 207-218.
• Walter and Proctor 1998aWalter and Proctor 1998a:
  Walter DE and Proctor HC. 1998a. Feeding behaviour and phylogeny: Observations on early derivative Acari. Experimental and Applied Acarology 22: 39-50.
• Walter and Proctor 1999Walter and Proctor 1999:
  Walter DE and Proctor HC. 1999. Mites: Ecology, evolution and behaviour. University of NSW Press, Sydney and CABI, Wallingford. 494 pp.
• Womersley 1944Womersley 1944:
  Womersley H. 1944. Australian Acarina, families Alycidae and Nanorchestidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 68: 133-143.
• Zakhvatkin 1949Zakhvatkin 1949:
  Zakhvatkin AA. 1949. New representatives of apparently segmented mites (Acarina: Pachygnathidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 30: 291-297.