KEYS    About TortAI    Fact Sheets    Glossary    ID Thumbnails    DNA Search    Dissection Guides Proeulia spp << Previous Next >> Port Interception Target - Larva Accuminulia Brown (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Euliini)    A. buscki Brown Chileulia Powell (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Euliini)    C. stalactitis (Meyrick) Proeulia Clarke (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Euliini)    P. apospasta Obraztsov    P. auraria (Clarke)    P. chrysopteris (Butler)    P. triquetra Obraztsov Fig. 1: Accuminulia buscki Fig. 1: Accuminulia buscki Fig. 2: Accuminulia buscki Fig. 2: Accuminulia buscki Fig. 3: Chileulia stalactitis Fig. 3: Chileulia stalactitis Fig. 4: Chileulia stalactitis Fig. 4: Chileulia stalactitis Fig. 5: Proeulia auraria Fig. 5: Proeulia auraria Fig. 6: Proeulia auraria Fig. 6: Proeulia auraria Fig. 7: Proeulia chrysopteris Fig. 7: Proeulia chrysopteris Fig. 8: Proeulia chrysopteris Fig. 8: Proeulia chrysopteris Fig. 9: Proeulia chrysopteris Fig. 9: Proeulia chrysopteris Fig. 10: Proeulia triquetra Fig. 10: Proeulia triquetra Fig. 11: Proeulia triquetra Fig. 11: Proeulia triquetra Fig. 12: Proeulia apospasta Fig. 12: Proeulia apospasta Overview The Chilean Tortricidae fauna is unique in that the majority of taxa are endemic. Members of the tribe Euliini are the most abundant, comprising nearly 90% of the described tortricid fauna. Included in this tribe are several genera containing species of economic concern: Proeulia, with 38 described species; Accuminulia, with two described species; and Chileulia with two described species. Species in these genera have been reported feeding on Citrus (orange, tangerine), Malus (apple), Prunus (apricot, cherry, peach, plum), Pyrus (pear), and Vitis (grape), and some are considered serious pests in orchards and vineyards. Razowski and Pelz (2010) provide a complete list of tortricids recorded from Chile and describe numerous new species. Chilean tortricids of greatest concern to the U.S. are those that are pests of table grapes. The U.S. imports nearly twice as many grapes as it exports; imported grapes totaled approximately $730 million in 2004. A majority of the fresh grapes imported to the U.S. are used as table grapes, and imports are necessary to maintain a supply of table grapes during the months of January through June. Chile is the largest exporter of grapes to the U.S., accounting for 70% of total fresh grape imports ($511 million in 2004); Mexico accounts for 28% of fresh grape imports. It is not knkown how many Chilean tortricid species are intercepted in products destined for the U.S. The USDA interception database has less than 10 records of "Proeulia sp." and no records of Accuminulia or Chileulia; however, there are more than 1000 entries of larvae identified as "Tortricinae" and close to 3000 identified as "Tortricidae" from locations where Proeulia and related genera occur (USDA PestID database; Query performed 10/13/2011). As the larvae of these genera are not well-studied or described, it is assumed that interceptions of these larvae have been largely unrecognized. Because of the difficulties in identification and the lack of species-level larval characters, Proeulia and related pest species are treated here as a single entity. This group includes: Accuminulia buscki, Chileulia stalactitis, Proeulia apospasta, Proeulia auraria, Proeulia chrysopteris, and Proeulia triquetra. Adult Recognition Accuminulia FWL: 6.0-7.0 mm Adults are white, pale tan, or gray with dark gray, brown, and black markings. Males lack a forewing costal fold. Male genitalia are characterized by the following features: aedeagus with distal thornlike projection; transtilla densely spined; gnathos with distal portion enlarged, triangular, and ventrally spined; and valvae with constant width (parallel-sided). Female genitalia are characterized by a partially twisted ductus bursae and a lack of signum in the corpus bursae. Chileulia FWL: 6.5-8.0 mm Forewings are gray or brown with a dark gray to black costal triangle. Male genitalia are characterized by a short thin uncus, small broad socii, long narrow valvae, and a well-developed sacculus. Female genitalia are characterized by a bowl-shaped sterigma and a long thin ductus bursae. Proeulia FWL: 7.0-12.0 mm Forewing color is variable within the genus and ranges from pale tan to orange to dark brown to white. Forewing markings are generally sparse to moderate, and several species are nearly unmarked. Males lack a forewing costal fold. Male genitalia are characterized by the following features: uncus slender, varying from long to short; socii well-developed, varying from long to short, densely setose in some species; valva with well-developed sacculus, extending beyond neck of valva in some species; vesica with few stout cornuti. Female genitalia are characterized by a short, wide ductus bursae and a sclerotized process projecting from the ventral surface of the corpus bursae (signa are absent). Larval Morphology Mature larvae of this group are similar to those of other Euliini and few species-specific characters have been identified. Horak and Brown (1991) list the following diagnostic characters for Euliini larvae: D1 and SD1 setae on separate pinacula on A9; SV setal counts on A1,2,7,8,9 as 3:3:3:2:2; and V1 setae on A9 not further apart than those on A8. These characters apply to the species treated here with some exceptions: the D1 and SD1 setae on A9 are located on the same pinaculum in some (but not all) Proeulia; and SV setal counts on A1,2,7,8,9 are usually 3:3:2:2:2 (but occasionally 3:3:3:2:2) in Chileulia. Other diagnostic features of this group include: SD2 seta small and on different pinaculum than SD1 seta on A1-7; SD2 seta on anteroventral margin of SD1 pinaculum on A8; SD1 pinaculum directly anterior of spiracle on A8; D2 setae on A9 on large shared (saddle) pinaculum; L pinaculum on A9 trisetose; and anal comb present. General descriptions for Chileulia and Proeulia larvae are presented below; the larva of Accuminulia is undescribed. Chileulia stalactitis Late instar larvae are approximately 16 mm long with a light green abdomen. The head is light brown and the prothoracic shield is light green with brown mottling. An anal comb is present with 4-6 teeth. Abdominal spiracles are closely approximate to the SD1 pinacula and are circular, surrounded by a conspicuous smooth ring. Proeulia Late instar larvae are approximately 22-26 mm long with a light-green abdomen. The head is light brown and may be shaded laterally or posterolaterally in some species. The prothoracic shield is light brown to light green with brown mottling in some species. An anal comb is present with 6-9 (usually 7) teeth. Biology Species in this group all share relatively similar life histories. Larvae are highly polyphagous and feed on leaves as well as on fruit, sometimes causing serious economic damage to crops such as grape and citrus. The life histories of Chileulia and Proeulia are outlined below; the biology of Accuminulia is unknown. Chileulia stalactitis Females lay eggs in masses on leaves. Larvae feed on leaves, flowers, and fruit, causing direct economic damage by tunneling inside fruit. Overwintering occurs as a larva inside dried fruit. Adults are present in August in Chile. Proeulia Females lay eggs in masses on leaves. Larvae feed on leaves, flowers, buds, and on the surface of fruit. Some species have continuous generations and are present throughout the year while others overwinter as a first instar larva. Adults are present September through April for most species. Host plants Larvae of this group are highly polyphagous and have been reported feeding on plants in more than 30 families. All species listed here are primary or secondary pests of grape. Chileulia stalactitis is an important pest of Prunus while Proeulia are reported as pests of apple, apricot, blueberry, cherry, citrus, peach, plum, and various other species. Family Genus/species Common name Tortricid species Aceraceae Acer buergerianum Miq. trident maple P. chrysopteris Aceraceae Acer pseudoplatanus L. sycamore maple P. chrysopteris Actinidiaceae Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia chilensis Bridges ex Lindl. P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Berberidaceae Berberis L. barberry P. chrysopteris Betulaceae Corylus avellana L. common filbert P. chrysopteris Betulaceae Nothofagus obliqua (Birb.) Blume roble beech P. auraria Buddlejaceae Buddleja davidii Franch. orange eye butterflybush P. auraria, P. triquetra Buddlejaceae Buddleja globosa Hope orange-ball-tree P. chrysopteris Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle P. chrysopteris, P. triquetra Caprifoliaceae Viburnum L. viburnum P. chrysopteris Cardiopteridaceae Citronella mucronata (Ruiz et Pavon) D. Don. Chilean citronella tree P. chrysopteris Celastraceae Euonymus L. spindletree P. chrysopteris Celastraceae Maytenus boaria Molina mayten P. triquetra Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. field bindweed P. triquetra Cupressaceae Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic. Serm. & Bizzarri Chilean cedar C. stalactitis Ebenaceae Diospyros L. diospyros P. chrysopteris Ericaceae Vaccinium L. blueberry P. chrysopteris, P. triquetra Fabaceae Caesalpinia paraguariensis (D. Parodi) Burkart guayacan P. chrysopteris Fabaceae Cercis siliquastrum L. Judas-tree P. auraria Fabaceae Prosopis tamarugo F. Philippi tamarugo C. stalactitis Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust P. auraria Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. English walnut P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Lauraceae Cryptocarya R. Br. cryptocarya P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Myrtaceae [unspecified] P. auraria Myrtaceae Eugenia apiculata DC. shortleaf stopper P. chrysopteris Oleaceae Ligustrum L. privet P. chrysopteris Onagraceae Fuschia magellanica Lam. fuchsia P. auraria, P. chrysopteris, P. triquetra Pinaceae Pinus L. pine P. chrysopteris Pinaceae Pinus radiata D. Don Monterey pine P. chrysopteris Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W. T. Aiton Japanese cheesewood P. auraria Platanaceae Platanus orientalis L. Oriental planetree P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Punicaceae Punica granatum L. pomegranate P. auraria Rosaceae Cotoneaster Medik. cotoneaster C. stalactitis, P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. loquat P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Malus domestica Borkh. apple P. auraria, P. chrysopteris, P. triquetra Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca L. apricot A. buscki, P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry P. auraria Rosaceae Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. cherry plum P. chrysopteris, P. triquetra Rosaceae Prunus cerasus L. sour cherry C. stalactitis Rosaceae Prunus domestica L. European plum A. buscki, C. stalactitis, P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach A. buscki, P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Pyrus communis L. common pear P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Quillaja saponaria Molina soapbark P. auraria Rosaceae Rosa L. rose P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Rosaceae Rubus idaeus L. American red raspberry Proeulia sp. Rosaceae Rubus L. blackberry Proeulia sp. Rosaceae Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry P. triquetra Rosaceae Rubus ulmifolius Schott elmleaf blackberry Proeulia sp. Rutaceae Citrus reticulata Blanco tangerine P. triquetra Rutaceae Citrus X sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) [maxima X reticulata] sweet orange C. stalactitis, P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Salicaceae Salix X sepulcralis Simonkai [alba X ?pendulina] weeping willow P. chrysopteris Santalaceae Myoschilos oblonga Ruiz & Pav. P. chrysopteris, P. triquetra Scrophulariaceae Hebe Comm. ex Juss. hebe P. triquetra Simmondsiaceae Simmondsia chinensis (Link) K. C. Schneid. jojoba P. auraria, P. chrysopteris Ulmaceae Ulmus L. elm P. chrysopteris Vitaceae Vitis L. grape A. buscki, P. chrysopteris Vitaceae Vitis vinifera L. wine grape C. stalactitis, P. apospasta, P. auraria, P. triquetra Distribution Accuminulia and Chileulia are known exclusively from Chile. The majority of Proeulia are also recorded only from Chile, with the exception of one species that is found in Bolivia. References Biosecuity Australia. 2003. Table grapes from Chile, Draft import risk analysis report, Part B. Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/11547/ira_tg_chile_b.pdf [accessed 5 Oct 2011]. Boriss, H., H. Brunke and M. Kreith. 2006. Commodity profile: table grapes. Agricultural Issues Center, University of California. http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/GrapesFreshMarket-2006.pdf [accessed 5 Oct 2011]. Brown. J. W. 1999. A new genus of tortricid moths (Tortricidae: Euliini) injurious to grapes and stone fruits in Chile. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 53: 60-64. Brown, J. W. and S. Passoa. 1998. Larval foodplants of Euliini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): from Abies to Vitis. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 64: 1-11. Cepeda, D. E. and G. E. Cubillos. 2011. Description of the last larval stage and a compilation of host records, of seven species of tortricids of economic importance in Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Gayana. 75: 39-70. Clarke, J. F. G. 1962. A new tortricid genus from South America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 75: 293-294. Horak, M. and R. L. Brown. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny, pp. 23-50. In: L. P. S. van der Geest, H. H. Evenhuis (eds.), Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Powell, J. A. 1986. Synopsis of the classification of Neotropical Tortricidae, with descriptions of new genera and species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 62: 372-398. Razowski, J. and V. Pelz. 2010. Tortricidae from Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia. 38: 5-55. Tortricids of Agricultural Importance by Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August 2014.