KEYS    About TortAI    Fact Sheets    Glossary    ID Thumbnails    DNA Search    Dissection Guides

CAPS Primary Target - Adult

Archips xylosteana (Linnaeus) (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini)

Common names: apple leaf roller, brown oak tortrix, variegated golden tortrix

Synonyms: characterana (Tortrix), densata (Phalaena), gilvana (Tortrix), hybnerana (Pyralis), obliquana (Pyralis), pallens (var.), westriniana (Tortrix)

Subspecies: A. xylosteana sabrinae (France)

Fig. 1: Male

Fig. 1: Male

Fig. 2: Female

Fig. 2: Female

Fig. 3: Male genitalia

Fig. 3: Male genitalia

Fig. 4: Female genitalia

Fig. 4: Female genitalia

Fig. 5: Resting adult

Fig. 5: Resting adult

Fig. 6: Resting adult

Fig. 6: Resting adult

Fig. 7: Larva

Fig. 7: Larva

Fig. 8: Larva

Fig. 8: Larva

Fig. 9: Larva

Fig. 9: Larva

Fig. 10: Larval damage

Fig. 10: Larval damage

Fig. 11: Larval damage

Fig. 11: Larval damage

Adult Recognition

FWL: 7.0-10.0 mm (male); 9.0-11.0 mm (female)

Forewing ground color is pale pinkish brown. Forewing markings are dark reddish brown and include a basal patch and a well-defined median fascia that is narrow at the costa and broadened at the dorsum. The subterminal fascia gives the appearance of a costal spot on many individuals. Hindwings are grayish brown. Males have a forewing costal fold.

Male genitalia are characterized by a large, parallel-sided uncus, rounded valva, and well-defined sacculus with a short projection. Female genitalia are characterized by a very long ductus bursae with cestum and a signum in the round corpus bursae.

Archips xylosteana can appear similar to other Archips, including: Archips betulana, Archips crataegana, Archips grisea, Archips magnoliana, Archips oporana, Archips podana, and Archips rosana. A genitalic dissection can be used to confirm identity.

Larval Morphology

Last instar larvae are greenish gray to whitish gray. The head and prothoracic shield are black or dark brown and are separated by a white line. Thoracic legs are dark brown or black.

Biology

Archips xylosteana completes a single generation per year. Adults are present in late June to mid-August.

Females deposit eggs in masses on branches or tree trunks. Eggs overwinter and first instar larvae hatch the following spring. Early instars feed on leaves and buds while later instars produce a leaf roll and skeletonize the leaf from inside. Pupation occurs from mid-May to June in a folded leaf and adults emerge in 9-12 days.

In Europe this species is considered a minor pest of fruit trees, where it can cause damage to buds and new foliage. Larvae may also feed on fruitlets causing superficial damage.

Host plants

Larvae of Archips xylosteana feed on a variety of tree species.

Family Genus/species Common name
Aceraceae Acer L. maple
Betulaceae Alnus Mill. alder
Betulaceae Betula L. birch
Betulaceae Corylus avellana L. common filbert
Caprifoliaceae Lonicera periclymenum L. European honeysuckle
Caprifoliaceae Lonicera L. honeysuckle
Clusiaceae Hypericum L. St. Johnswort
Cornaceae Cornus controversa Hemsl. ex Prain giant dogwood
Fagaceae Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Japanese chestnut
Fagaceae Castanea Mill. chestnut
Fagaceae Quercus acutissima Carruth. sawtooth oak
Fagaceae Quercus cerris L. European turkey oak
Fagaceae Quercus dentata Thunb. Daimyo oak
Fagaceae Quercus robur L. English oak
Fagaceae Quercus serrata Thunb. bao li
Fagaceae Quercus L. oak
Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. European ash
Pinaceae Abies Mill. fir
Rosaceae Crataegus L. hawthorn
Rosaceae Malus domestica Borkh. apple
Rosaceae Malus pumila Mill. paradise apple
Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca L. apricot
Rosaceae Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry
Rosaceae Prunus serrulata Lindl. Japanese flowering cherry
Rosaceae Prunus L.
Rosaceae Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai Chinese pear
Rosaceae Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.
Rosaceae Rubus L. raspberry
Rosaceae Sorbus aucuparia L. European mountain ash
Rutaceae Citrus L. citrus
Salicaceae Salix cinerea L. large gray willow
Salicaceae Salix L. willow
Tiliaceae Tilia L. basswood
Ulmaceae Ulmus davidiana Planch. Japanese elm
Ulmaceae Ulmus L. elm

Distribution

Archips xylosteana is distributed throughout Europe, Asia (China, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Siberia, Turkey), and northern Africa (Algeria). It was first discovered in North America (Newfoundland, Canada) in 2005.

References

Beeke, H. and D. J. De Jong. 1991. Identification of Larvae and Pupae, pp. 65-76. In L. P. S. van der Geest and H. H. Evenhius [eds.], Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control. World Crop Pests, Vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Bradley, J. D., W. G. Tremewan and A. Smith. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths - Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London, England.

Davis, E. E., R. C. Venette and E. M. Albrecht. 2006. Oak commodity based survey reference. USDA - CAPS Commodity Reference Guide.

Hoebeke, E. R., A. G. Wheeler, Jr. and J. W. Brown. 2008. Archips xylosteana (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a Palearctic leafroller new to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 110: 789-795.

Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251.

Photo Credits

Fig. 5: Sander van der Molen

Figs. 6, 8, 9: Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org

Fig. 7: Fabio Stergulc, Universita di Udine, Bugwood.org

Figs. 10-11: Milan Zubrik, Forest Research Institute - Slovakia, Bugwood.org

Tortricids of Agricultural Importance by Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein
Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August 2014.