Glossary

abdominal tergite IX: ( = ATIX) the dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment IX.

abdominal tergite VIII: ( = ATVIII) the dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment VIII.

acuminate: describes an outline with a sharp point.

annulus: vertical row of teeth which occurs at regular intervals on both sides of female gonapophysis VIII. In Diprion, there are 9–12 annuli.

antennomere: articulated components of the antenna.

basionym: the original combination of a species name, consisting of the genus name and a specific epithet.

bicolored: having two colors, with the change between these colors being abrupt.

biramose: produced into two distinct branches, not necessarily of the same length.

biserrate: produced into two distinct tines or teeth, not necessarily of the same length

cenchrus: paired, folded membrane on the front margin of the metanotum, covered at least partially with scale-like microsculpture.

ciliate: covered with fine, small hairs.

clypeus: The anterior portion of the insect 'face', forming a plate just above the mouthparts. The anterior margin of the clypeus is marked with a red line in the attached image.

concolorous: having a single color throughout.

Cupressaceae: a family of plants including junipers, redwoods, cypresses, and related conifers.

CW: ( = cenchral width) maximum transverse span of cenchrus.

distal: remote from the body.

ergot: a process on the inner surface of the penial sclerite, where muscles insert that attach to the volsella.

flagellomere: the articulated components of the flagellum, which is the third of three anatomical segments of the insect antenna. In Diprion males, most flagellomeres bear elongated, hairy processes.

flagellum: the third segment of the antenna, which is subdivided into many articulated components called flagellomeres.

glabrous: lacking setae.

gonapophysis VIII: along with the paired gonapophyses IX, the paired gonapophyses VIII form the ovipositor. The saw-like form and function of the gonapophyses VIII gives sawflies their common name.

hamuli: Hairs on the anterior margin of the hindwing that hook onto the posterior margin of the forewing in flight.

hyaline: not having any infumation, and so being transparent. Refers to wing membrane.

ICD: ( = inter-cenchral distance) minimum distance between medial vertices of cenchri.

infumate: tinted with a smoky hue. Refers to wing membrane.

instar: the stages of the sawfly larva, delimited by moulting events in which the larva sheds its exoskeleton and thus grows larger. The appearance of the larva changes dramatically throughout its growth from hatching to prepupa. The number of instars may differ according to sex.

macula: a swatch or spot of coloration.

mesonotum: the dorsal sclerite of the middle thoracic segment (second of three).

mesopectus: the unpaired plate that covers the sides and bottom of the middle thoracic segment (mesothorax), consisting of the fused sternum and pleuron of the mesothorax (Michener 1944). U-shaped in cross-section.

mesoscutum: the area of the mesonotum located anterior to the scutoscutellar sulcus.

metabasitarsus: the most proximal article of the metatarsus.

metanotum: the dorsal sclerite of the rearmost thoracic segment (third of three). Appears as a narrow strip of cuticle on the back of Diprion, immediately in front of the abdomen. The cenchri are placed on the metanotum. The metanotal 'trough' is highlighted in pink in the attached image.

metascutellum: a roughly rectangular platform in the middle of the metanotum, elevated above the metanotal trough. It is located behind and between the cenchri.

metatarsus: the tarsus (i.e., foot) on the hind leg.

metatibia: the tibia of the hind leg.

MS: ( = malar space) distance between the dorsal mandibular articulation and the ventral vertex of the compound eye, measured in profile view

MTL: ( = metascutellar length) maximum anteroposterior length of metascutellum.

notaulus: one of a pair of furrows that run longitudinally across the mesoscutum.

occiput: the topmost, rearmost margin of the head.

OOL: ( = ocellar-ocular distance) shortest distance between mesal margin of compound eye and posterolateral ocellus.

ovipositor: a serrated, paired structure through which female Diprion lay eggs in pine needles, consisting of gonapophyses VIII–IX. Sometimes pushed outside the body in preserved specimens.

penial sclerite: paired sclerites of the male genitalia that convey spermatozoa into the female genital tract (Boudinot 2018). In Diprion, these presumably also help anchor the male in place during mating. Penial sclerites in Diprion have a hatchet-like shape, with the valvura being the 'haft' and the valviceps the 'head'.

Pinaceae: a family of plants including pines, cedars, larches, and other conifers.

PL: ( = pedicellar length) maximum length of pedicel.

POL: ( = posterolateral ocellar distance) distance between mesal margins of posterolateral ocelli.

prepupa: The final larval instar, which does not feed. Its appearance can differ somewhat from preceding instars.

propleuron: a sclerite of the prothorax ( = front-most thoracic segment) to which the foreleg articulates. Visible in profile and ventral views.

proximal: adjacent to the body.

pterostigma: the sclerotized patch on the front margin of the forewing.

puncticulate: textured with minute pits.

scutoscutellar sulcus: a transverse line on the hymenopteran mesonotum, extending between the bases of the forewings (Snodgrass 1935; Gibson 1985). Not to be confused with the transscutal suture of the Xiphydriidae, Orussoidea, and Apocrita (Krogmann & Nel 2012).

somal: of or pertaining to the body ( = soma).

subclavate: with a gentle distal expansion giving a somewhat club-like outline.

surpedal: describes a position directly above the legs. In Diprion, this adjective is only relevant to the larval stage.

tarsomere: the articulated components of the tarsus, which is the fifth of five segments in the insect leg. The tarsus functions as a 'foot' in pine sawflies.

tergite: the dorsal plate of an abdominal segment.

uniramose: not produced into two distinct branches.

valviceps: the distal end of the penial sclerite. There is no explicit anatomical boundary between the valviceps and the remainder of the penial sclerite.

valvura: the proximal end of the penial sclerite. This is where most of the muscles that drive the movement of the penial sclerite attach (Griebenow et al. 2023). The ergot, if present, demarcates the boundary between the valvura and the remainder of the penial sclerite.

versicolored: having two colors, with the change between these colors being continuous rather than abrupt.

vestiture: covering of hairs on a surface. In the attached image, that surface is the mesoscutum in profile view.

volsella: paired appendages of the male genitalia in the Hymenoptera, situated on either side of the penial sclerites. Each volsella is itself opposable in Diprion, and serves a grasping function during mating.