Bactrocera dorsalis
Common name
oriental fruit flyDescription
Typical of Bactrocera larvae with the following specific characteristics for the third instar:
Body. Body length 7.5–10mm.
Head. Stomal organ: number of peg sensilla three, or four or more (?); other peg-sensilla-like structures absent. Stomal region: secondary lobes present, short, leaf-like (5, large); margins of secondary lobes all entire. Number of oral ridges 11–14; margins serrate, or scalloped (blunt edged, short teeth). Accessory plates shell-shaped; number of accessory plates 12–15; margins serrated (with small rounded teeth). Median oral lobe absent or not protruding.
Spinules and creeping welts. Dorsal spinules on segments T1-T3.
Anterior spiracles. Anterior spiracle convex to flat. Anterior spiracular tubules 8–12.
Caudal segment (a8) and anal lobes. Anal lobes plainly visible, but not protuberant; simple.
Posterior spiracles. Slits 2.5–3x longer than wide (about). Length of slits 57-72 µm. Dorsal spiracular processes with numerous trunks arising from an elongate base (long processes). Number of dorsal spiracular processes 17–20. Number of ventral spiracular processes 17–20. Number of lateral spiracular processes 8–12. Basal width of spiracular processes 2.2-3.9 µm. Average number of tips 29-36. Ratio of number of tips to number of trunks 2.4-2.6.
Host plants
Highly polyphagous, infesting at least the following families and genera:*
| Family | Genus |
| Adoxaceae | Sambucus, Viburnum |
| Agavaceae | Dracaena |
| Amaryllidaceae | Crinum |
| Anacardiaceae | Anacardium, Bouea, Choerospondias, Haematostaphis, Holigarna, Mangifera, Sclerocarya, Sorindeia, Spondias |
| Annonaceae | Annona, Artabotrys, Cananga, Desmos, Hexalobus, Mitrephora, Polyalthia, Uvaria |
| Apocynaceae | Calotropis, Carissa, Ochrosia, Saba, Thevetia, Willughbeia |
| Arecaceae | Areca, Arenga, Bactris, Borassus, Caryota, Phoenix |
| Bignoniaceae | Crescentia |
| Boraginaceae | Cordia, Ehretia |
| Bromeliaceae | Ananas |
| Burseraceae | Canarium, Garuga |
| Cactaceae | Hylocereus, Opuntia, Pereskia |
| Calophyllaceae | Calophyllum, Mammea |
| Cannabaceae | Celtis |
| Capparaceae | Capparis, Maerua |
| Caricaceae | Carica |
| Celastraceae | Salacia, Siphonodon |
| Chrysobalanaceae | Chrysobalanus, Parinari |
| Clusiaceae | Clusia, Garcinia |
| Combretaceae | Terminalia |
| Convolvulaceae | Camonea, Erycibe |
| Cornaceae | Alangium |
| Cucurbitaceae | Benincasa, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Diplocyclos, Gymnopetalum, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Trichosanthes, Zehneria |
| Dilleniaceae | Dillenia |
| Ebenaceae | Diospyros |
| Elaeocarpaceae | Elaeocarpus |
| Ericaceae | Vaccinium |
| Euphorbiaceae | Balakata, Drypetes, Excoecaria, Shirakiopsis |
| Fabaceae | Adenanthera, Afzelia, Cordyla, Inocarpus, Parkia, Phaseolus, Sesbania, |
| Fagaceae | Castanopsis |
| Gentianaceae | Fagraea |
| Gnetaceae | Gnetum |
| Hanguanaceae | Hanguana |
| Icacinaceae | Icacina |
| Irvingiaceae | Irvingia |
| Juglandaceae | Juglans |
| Lamiaceae | Callicarpa, Gmelina, Premna |
| Lauraceae | Cinnamomum, Lindera, Litsea, Machilus, Neolitsea, Persea |
| Lecythidaceae | Barringtonia, Careya |
| Loganiaceae | Strychnos |
| Lythraceae | Punica |
| Malpighiaceae | Malpighia |
| Malvaceae | Abelmoschus, Durio, Microcos, Theobroma |
| Meliaceae | Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Heynea, Lansium, Sandoricum |
| Menispermaceae | Fibraurea |
| Moraceae | Antiaris, Artocarpus, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Streblus |
| Muntingiaceae | Muntingia |
| Musaceae | Musa |
| Myricaceae | Morella |
| Myristicaceae | Horsfieldia, Knema |
| Myrtaceae | Acca, Eugenia, Pimenta, Psidium, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium |
| Olacaceae | Olax, Ximenia, |
| Oleaceae | Chionanthus, Myxopyrum, Nestegis |
| Opiliaceae | Opilia |
| Oxalidaceae | Averrhoa |
| Pandanaceae | Pandanus |
| Passifloraceae | Adenia, Passiflora |
| Phyllanthaceae | Antidesma, Aporosa, Baccaurea, Bischofia, Breynia, Bridelia, Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Sauropus |
| Phyllanthoideae | Flueggea |
| Polygalaceae | Xanthophyllum |
| Polygonaceae | Coccoloba |
| Primulaceae | Ardisia |
| Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus |
| Rhizophoraceae | Rhizophora |
| Rosaceae | Eriobotrya, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, |
| Rubiaceae | Coffea, Gynochthodes, Ixora, Morinda, Nauclea, Neolamarckia, Ochreinauclea, Sarcocephalus |
| Rutaceae | Aegle, Casimiroa, Citrofortunella, Citrus, Clausena, Fortunella, Glycosmis, Murraya, Poncirus, Toddalia, Triphasia |
| Salicaceae | Dovyalis, Flacourtia |
| Santalaceae | Santalum |
| Sapindaceae | Blighia, Dimocarpus, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Nephelium, Pometia |
| Sapotaceae | Chrysophyllum, Manilkara, Mimusops, Palaquium, Planchonella, Pouteria, Vitellaria |
| Schoepfiaceae | Schoepfia |
| Simaroubaceae | Simarouba |
| Solanaceae | Capsicum, Lycianthes, Physalis, Solanum |
| Staphyleaceae | Turpinia |
| Thymelaeaceae | Wikstroemia |
| Vitaceae | Cissus, Vitis |
| Zingiberaceae | Alpinia, Kaempferia |
*See Liquido et al. (2017)
Part of plant attacked: fruit.
Biogeographic region and distribution
Australasian, Oriental, Afrotropical (introduced)India and Sri Lanka to Vietnam and Taiwan; introduced Hawaii, Marianas, much of sub-Saharan Africa (as Bactrocera invadens).
Adult taxonomy
Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)
Dacus dorsalis Hendel 1912: 18.—Taiwan. Koshun. LT ♀ BMNH. Lectotype designated by Drew & Hancock 1994:17.
Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. okinawanus Shiraki 1933: 62.—Japan. Ryukyu Is.: Okinawa I., Nago, Katena, Mawashi & Nishibaru; Yayeyama Is., Kumejima, Gushikawa, Ishigaki & Taketomi. ST ♂ ♀ NTU.
Musca ferruginea Fabricius 1794: 342.—India orientali [e. India]. T A UZMC? Preocc. Scopoli 1763; ST apparently lost (Zimsen 1964: 484).
Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock 1994: 48.—Malaysia. Perak: Kuala Kangsar. HT♀️BMNH.
Bactrocera conformis Doleschall 1858: 122.—Indonesia. Maluku: Amboina [Ambon I.]. T A ZMHU. Preocc. Walker 1859; possibly also ST in NMW (Bezzi 1913: 69).
Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock 1994: 52.—Philippines. Cebu. HT ♀️ BBM.
Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White 2005: 149.–Kenya: Coast, Matuga. HT ♂️ NMKE.
References
Carroll, L. E., A. L. Norrbom, M. J. Dallwitz, and F. C. Thompson. 2004 onwards. Pest fruit flies of the world – larvae. Version: 8th December 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.
Liquido, N. J., G. T. McQuate, A. L. Birnbaum, M. A. Hanlin, K. A. Nakamichi, J. R. Inskeep, A. J. Ching, S. A. Marnell, and K. S. Kurashima. 2017. A review of recorded host plants of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Version 3.0. Available online at: USDA Compendium of Fruit Fly Host Information (CoFFHI), Edition 3.0, https://coffhi.cphst.org/.
