Glossary
A
accessory plates: small plates, often toothed, immediately lateral to the oral ridges, often poorly differentiated from them, and arranged in one, two or three series (anatomy: figures 7, 9)
anal elevation: the area surrounding the anal opening (anatomy: figure 13)
anal lobe: a paired lobe flanking the anal opening (anatomy: figure 13)
antenna: the dorsalmost of the two sensory organs on the anterior end of the head; consists of one to three apparent segments, including one or two sclerotized segments and a conical to flattened tip. (anatomy: figures 2, 3)
anterior sclerite (Figure 10): a sclerite on either side of the basal sclerite projecting anteriorly from just below the dorsal bridge (anatomy: figure 10)
B
basal sclerite: the largest and posterior-most part of the cephaloskeleton; includes paired dorsal and ventral cornua connected medially by the vertical plate (tentorial phragma); has also been called pharyngeal sclerite or tentoropharyngeal sclerite. (anatomy: figure 10)
C
caudal ridge: a narrow, transverse ridge of thickened cuticle running dorsad of the I1a, I1b, and I2 sensilla on the intermediate area of the caudal segment in species of Dacinae (anatomy: figure 13)
caudal segment: abdominal segment 8 (anatomy: figure 13)
cephaloskeleton: the internal sclerotized region of the pseudocephalon, which consists of three main parts: mouthhooks, intermediate sclerite, and basal sclerite; has also been called cephalopharyngeal skeleton. (anatomy: figure 10)
cornu: (plural: cornua) see dorsal cornu and ventral cornu
creeping welt: a locomotory structure on the ventral surface of an abdominal segment consisting of a membranous, transverse, swollen ridge bearing rows of small spinules or rounded projections (anatomy: figure 1)
cuticular processes on preoral organ: denticles or projections smaller than or as long as the peg sensilla, surrounding the slight depression on the preoral organ, concentrated more on the posterior part of the preoral organ (anatomy: figure 4)
D
dental sclerites: a pair of small sclerites lying close to the ventral margin of the mouthhooks; common in the Dacini but absent or inconspicuous in other groups (anatomy: figure 10)
dorsal area: the area above the posterior spiracle on the caudal segment (anatomy: figure 13)
dorsal bridge: part of the pharyngeal sclerite that anteriorly joins the dorsal cornua (anatomy: figure 10)
dorsal cornu: a paired, dorsal, wing-like portion of the basal sclerite; variably sclerotized and often cleft on the outer margin (plural: dorsal cornua) (anatomy: figure 10)
dorsal sensilla: two pairs of sensilla, each often associated with a papilla, located on the dorsal area of the caudal segment; individual sensilla have been termed D1 and D2 (anatomy: figure 13)
dorsolateral papilla sensilla: the two sensilla of the maxillary sense organ external to the sclerotized ring of the maxillary palp; their innervation suggests derivation from both antenna and maxillary elements (anatomy: figure 3)
E
ecdysial scar: a scar on the posterior spiracle which marks the area occupied by the spiracle of the previous instar (anatomy: figure 14)
epipharyngeal sclerite: a minute, horizontal, triangular sclerite, visible only in dorsal view of the cephaloskeleton, located dorsal to the intermediate sclerite
I
intermediate area: an area on the caudal segment, slightly lateral to the midline, between the posterior spiracle and the ventral area; often protuberant and in some species (e.g., Zeugodacus cucurbitae), almost linked by a pigmented transverse band (anatomy: figure 13)
intermediate sclerite: an H-shaped sclerite consisting of two elongate, sclerotized, posteriorly directed plates connected by a small crossbar; it articulates anteriorly with the mouthhooks and posteriorly with the basal sclerite; has also been called hypopharyngeal sclerite. (anatomy: figure 10)
intermediate sensilla: four pairs of sensilla located on the intermediate area of the caudal segment, often associated with papillae and/or tubercles; the individual sensilla have been termed I1a, I1b, I2, and I3 (anatomy: figure 13)
K
knob sensilla: two sensilla smaller than the three papilla sensilla, located on the sclerotized ring of the maxillary palp; the individual sensilla have been termed K1 and K2 (anatomy: figure 3)
L
labial sclerites: two sclerites forming a V-shape in the floor of the mouth between the intermediate sclerite and the mouthhooks (anatomy: figure 10)
labium: a large triangular fleshy lobe on the ventral margin of the mouth (anatomy: figure 2)
lateral area: the area lateral to the posterior spiracles on the caudal segment (anatomy: figure 13)
lateral lip: elongate lobes on the lateral margins of the oral cavity extending from the medial lobe just anterior to the mouthhooks nearly to the labium posteriorly. (anatomy: figure 2)
lateral sensillum: a sensillum located on the lateral region of the caudal segment, often associated with a papilla (anatomy: figure 13)
M
mask: the area on the head surrounding the antenna, maxillary palp, and part of the mouth (anatomy: figure 2)
maxillary palp: the part of the maxillary sense organ contained within a sclerotized ring and including five sensilla (anatomy: figure 3)
maxillary sense organ: the maxillary palp plus the dorsolateral group of two sensilla (anatomy: figures 2, 3)
median oral lobe: an elongate, partially sclerotized lobe between the mouthhooks in Tephritinae, and apparently also some Trypetinae (e.g., Trypetini); consists of a sclerotized dorsal rib that may be homologous with the epipharyngeal sclerite, and a ventral lobe of uncertain homology, perhaps derived partially from the labium, with which it is closely associated
mouthhook: a paired, curved, strongly sclerotized, hook-like sclerite found in Cyclorrhapha larvae; it articulates posteriorly with the intermediate sclerite and may have an additional preapical tooth; has also been called mandible. (anatomy: figures 2, 5, 6, 11)
O
oral ridges: several rows of ridges on each side of the mouth opening which may be entire, incised, emarginate, serrate, scalloped, dentate, or fringed on their lower (posterior margin) edge (anatomy: figures 2, 7.8.9)
P
papilla: a small tubercle (plural: papillae)
Papilla sensilla (Figure 3): Three sensilla bigger than the two knob sensilla, located on the sclerotized ring of the maxillary palp. The individual sensilla have been termed P1–P3.
Parastomal bars (Figure 10): Two long rod-shaped sclerites lying dorsally, parallel to the intermediate sclerite.
Peritreme: The plate surrounding the three rimae of the posterior spiracle. In almost all Tephritidae it is unsclerotized.
Posterior spiracle (Figure 14): There are two functional pairs of spiracles in tephritid larvae. The pair of posterior spiracles is positioned on the dorsal half of the caudal segment. Each spiracle has two to three spiracular openings (two in first and second instars, usually three in third instars), frequently arranged almost parallel to each other.
Preapical tooth (Figure 10): An additional tooth on the ventral surface of the mouthhook. More than one tooth may be present in some species.
Preoral lobes (Figure 2, 6): A small series of lobes or ridges, with entire or serrated edges, anterior or anterolateral to the oral opening. Preoral lobes and preoral organ may be fused or separate in Anastrepha.
Preoral organ (Figure 2): A minute sensory organ at or near the anterolateral corner of the mouth usually bearing several sensilla (Kandybina 1977). It is usually borne on a small round or quadrate lobe. It has also been called stomal organ.
Preoral teeth (Figure 5): Small teeth or finger-like projections at the base of the preoral organ found in most Carpomyini spp. (e.g., Carpomya and most Rhagoletis) (stomal guards).
Prothoracic spiracle (Figure 1, 12): There are two functional pairs of spiracles in tephritid larvae. The anterior pair project laterally from the prothoracic segment. It is fan-shaped or bimodal, with 2 to 53 tubules with openings along the outer edge. It has also been called anterior spiracle.
Pseudocephalon (Figure 2): The outer, membranous part of the head in Cyclorrhapha. It has also been called cephalic segment or gnathocephalon.
R
Rima (Figure 12): The marginal supporting sclerotization of each posterior spiracular opening.
S
Spinule (Figure 13): A small spinelike projection.
Spiracular openings or slits (Figure 14): The external openings of the spiracular chamber. On the posterior spiracle they are variable in shape and length. There are normally three on each posterior spiracle in the third instar of Tephritidae, and two on first and second instars.
Spiracular processes (Figure 14): Translucent hair-like processes arranged in four groups or bundles around the outer edge of the posterior spiracle. They also have been called spiracular hairs.
T
Tips (Figure 14): The ends of the spiracular processes, often bifurcate.
Trunks (Figure 14): The distinct shafts arising from the base of the spiracular processes.
Tubule (Figure 12): A small tubular or fingerlike process bearing a spiracular opening on the outer edge of the prothoracic spiracle.
V
Ventral area (Figure 13): On the caudal segment, the area between the intermediate area and the anal elevation.
Ventral cornu (plural: ventral cornua) (Figure 10): The paired, ventral, winglike portion of the basal sclerite. It may have a clear or unsclerotized area called a window.
Ventral sensilla (Figure 13): Three pairs of sensilla located on the ventral area of the caudal segment. The individual sensilla have been termed V1, V2, and V3.
Vertical comb-like processes (Figure 8): The elongate structures, connected laterally at the oral margin and projecting medially into the oral cavity, located adjacent to the labium and posterior or nearly posterior to the oral ridges.
Vertical plate (Figure 10): See basal sclerite.
W
Window: See ventral cornu.
