Musaceae

Taxonomy

Family name: Musaceae A.L. Jussieu

Synonym(s): [none]

Common name(s): banana family

*Number of genera/species: 2/91

List of genera records in GRIN-Global

Disseminule

fruit or seed

Description

Fruit a berryberry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
, rarely dehiscentdehiscent:
(v. dehisce) splitting open at maturity to release contents (of a fruit)
by decay, 30–140 mm long, tereteterete:
approximately circular in cross section; width and thickness approximately equal
or angledangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
in transection, beakedbeak:
a usually firm, terminal appendage, sometimes tapered
, sometimes perianthperianth:
collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower
persistent, with few or many seeds. Pericarppericarp:
fruit wall or fruit coat
black, gray, purple, orange, red, yellow, yellow-green, or green, dulldull:
reflecting only a low proportion of incident light, with no apparent sheen
, leatheryleathery:
texture—moderately thick, tough, and very pliable
, slightly to prominently ridgedridged:
surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface
, sometimes pubescentpubescent:
surface relief—bearing hairs
. Mesocarpmesocarp:
the middle layer of the pericarp, if divided into layers
fibrousfibrous:
texture—long, flexible threads, thicker than hairs, that densely cover and obscure the surface
or fleshy and starchy.

Seeds globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
to lens-shapedlens-shaped:
2D shape—round and flattened with two curved (convex) surfaces
, compressedcompressed:
flattened; in grasses, used to denote compression (not necessarily flattened) either laterally or dorsiventrally
in transection, 1–15 mm long, operculateoperculum:
a dehiscent cap (or lid) of a seed or fruit that opens during germination or dehiscence
, with double micropylar collarmicropylar collar:
collar shaped tissue at micropyle
. Hilumhilum:
on seeds, the scar indicating where the funiculus was attached; on grass caryopses, the scar visible on the outer fruit surface revealing where the seed is attached on the inner fruit wall surface; or in Asteraceae cypselae, the scar visible on the outer fruit wall revealing where the fruit was attached to the receptacle
conspicuous, irregular, and often sunken. Seed coat blue, black, or brown, dulldull:
reflecting only a low proportion of incident light, with no apparent sheen
, bonybony:
very hard and rather brittle, like bone
and thick, smooth, reticulatereticulate:
surface relief—netted, raised walls or concave grooves forming a net-like surface pattern with flat, concave, or convex interspaces
, roughenedroughened:
texture—having a small, stout, stiff, more or less acute protrusions
, wartywarty:
surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
, wrinkledwrinkled:
surface relief—shallow, irregular folds and furrows covering the surface; appearing overall though crumpled and then spread out
, or papillatepapillate:
surface relief—bearing minute, distinct, broad-based projections, tapering to a rounded apex
.

Embryo well developed, linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
or capitatecapitate:
head-shaped; abruptly enlarged on one end to a relatively short, terminal portion
, straight or slightly curvedcurved:
(of embryo) linear embryo is curved into an arch or horseshoe with the ends far apart
(Ensete).

Endosperm copious, starchy, and mealymealy:
loose, dry, and disintegrating in finely granular pieces like meal or flour
. Thin layer of perispermperisperm:
seed nutritive tissue comparable to the endosperm, but derived from the nucellus (maternal tissue)
also present.

Identification features

Fruit
Type berryberry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
Size range 30–140 mm long
Shape(s) ellipsoidellipsoid:
3D shape—elliptic
, cylindricalcylindrical:
3D shape—a cylinder, with parallel sides and a circular cross-section; tubular or rod-shaped
, triangulartriangular:
2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped
, ovoidovoid:
3D shape—ovate
, angularangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
, trigonoustrigonous:
3D shape—having three faces that meet at distinct angles; triangular in outline
, cuneiformcuneiform:
wedge-shaped
, oblongoblong:
2D shape—much longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, corners are rounded
, fusiformfusiform:
spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends
Texture leatheryleathery:
texture—moderately thick, tough, and very pliable
Surface relief ridgedridged:
surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface
Color(s) black, gray, purple, orange, red, yellow, yellow-green, green
Unique features Beakedbeak:
a usually firm, terminal appendage, sometimes tapered
, leatheryleathery:
texture—moderately thick, tough, and very pliable
berriesberry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
with seeds enclosed within a fleshy, starchy pulp.
Seed
Size range 1–15 mm long
Shape(s) globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
, irregular, oblateoblate:
depressed globose
, lens-shapedlens-shaped:
2D shape—round and flattened with two curved (convex) surfaces
, conicalconical:
3D shape—cone-shaped, with the point of attachment at the broad end
Surface relief smooth, reticulatereticulate:
surface relief—netted, raised walls or concave grooves forming a net-like surface pattern with flat, concave, or convex interspaces
, roughenedroughened:
texture—having a small, stout, stiff, more or less acute protrusions
, wartywarty:
surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
, wrinkledwrinkled:
surface relief—shallow, irregular folds and furrows covering the surface; appearing overall though crumpled and then spread out
, papillatepapillate:
surface relief—bearing minute, distinct, broad-based projections, tapering to a rounded apex
Color(s) black, blue, brown
Unique features Large, dark seeds with operculaoperculum:
a dehiscent cap (or lid) of a seed or fruit that opens during germination or dehiscence
and double micropylar collarsmicropylar collar:
collar shaped tissue at micropyle
, usually with sculptured seed coats.
Other
Embryo well developed, linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
or capitatecapitate:
head-shaped; abruptly enlarged on one end to a relatively short, terminal portion
, straight or slightly curvedcurved:
(of embryo) linear embryo is curved into an arch or horseshoe with the ends far apart
(Ensete)
Nutritive tissue endosperm copious, starchy and mealymealy:
loose, dry, and disintegrating in finely granular pieces like meal or flour
; thin layer of perispermperisperm:
seed nutritive tissue comparable to the endosperm, but derived from the nucellus (maternal tissue)
also present

Distribution

Paleotropics, Northern Australia.

Distribution map courtesy of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

References

Baskin and Baskin 2021Baskin and Baskin 2021:
Baskin C and Baskin J. 2021. Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: A status up-grade. Seed Science Research 31 (3): 199-210. doi:10.1017/S0960258521000209
; Dahlgren et al. 1985Dahlgren et al. 1985:
Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, and Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 520 pp.
; Davidse et al. 2009–2018Davidse et al. 2009–2018:
Davidse GM, Sousa Sánchez M, Knapp S. and Chiang Cabrera F, eds. 2009–2018. Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO. Accessed: January–April 2024. URL: http://legacy.tropicos.org/Project/FM
; Flora of Australia 2021+Flora of Australia 2021+:
Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Accessed January 2021–March 2024. URL: http://www.ausflora.org.au
; Kirkbride et al. 2006Kirkbride et al. 2006:
Kirkbride JH, Jr, Gunn CR, and Dallwitz MJ. 2006. Family guide for fruits and seeds, vers. 1.0. Accessed September 2020-January 2022. URL: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/seedsfruits/keys/frsdfam/index.cfm .
; Kubitzki et al. 1990+Kubitzki et al. 1990+:
Kubitzki K et al., eds. 1990+. The families and genera of vascular plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc.
; Stevenson and Loconte 1995Stevenson and Loconte 1995:
Stevenson DW and Loconte H. 1995. A cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall PJ, Cribb PJ, Cutler DF, and Humphries CJ, eds. Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
; Watson and Dallwitz 1992+Watson and Dallwitz 1992+:
Watson L and Dallwitz MJ. 1992+. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 6th Accessed September 2020-September 2022. URL: delta-intkey.com
; Zhengyi et al. 2004+Zhengyi et al. 2004+:
Zhengyi W, Raven PH, and Deyuan H. 2004+. Flora of China [online]. 25 vols. Science Press, Beijing China & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis USA. Accessed January–March 2024. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/

*The number of genera and species is based on Christenhusz and Byng 2016Christenhusz and Byng 2016:
Christenhusz MJM and Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201-217. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
, which may differ from the number of genera in GRIN-Global.

  Fruit:   Ensete glaucum ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruit: Ensete glaucum; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seed:   Ensete glaucum ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seed: Ensete glaucum; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Ensete glaucum ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Ensete glaucum; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Embryo:   Ensete glaucum ; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Ensete glaucum; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Embryo:   Ensete gilletii ; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Ensete gilletii; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Fruits:   Musa  sp.; Photo by N. Diaz, USDA APHIS PPQ, imageID.idtools.org
Fruits: Musa sp.; Photo by N. Diaz, USDA APHIS PPQ, imageID.idtools.org
  Fruit, seeds:   Musa sikkimensis ; Photo by Colin Ogle, gbif.org

Fruit, seeds: Musa sikkimensis; Photo by Colin Ogle, gbif.org

  Seeds:   Musa  sp.; Photo by N. Diaz, USDA APHIS PPQ, imageID.idtools.org
Seeds: Musa sp.; Photo by N. Diaz, USDA APHIS PPQ, imageID.idtools.org
  Seeds:   Musa sikkimensis ; Photo by Colin Ogle, gbif.org
Seeds: Musa sikkimensis; Photo by Colin Ogle, gbif.org
  Infructescence:   Musa  sp.; Photo by J. Ruter, University of Georgia, bugwood.org
Infructescence: Musa sp.; Photo by J. Ruter, University of Georgia, bugwood.org
  Infructescence:   Musa  sp.; Photo by J. Viola, Northeastern University, bugwood.org
Infructescence: Musa sp.; Photo by J. Viola, Northeastern University, bugwood.org
  Infructescence:   Musa  sp.; Photo by C. Calderon, Cesar Calderon Pathology Collection, USDA APHIS PPQ, bugwood.org
Infructescence: Musa sp.; Photo by C. Calderon, Cesar Calderon Pathology Collection, USDA APHIS PPQ, bugwood.org