Family name: Heliconiaceae (A. Richardson) T. Nakai
Synonym(s): [none]
Common name(s): heliconia family
*Number of genera/species: 1/194
List of genera records in GRIN-Global
fruit
Fruit schizocarp, splits into three fleshyfleshy:
texture—fairly firm and dense, juicy or at least moist, and easily cut
mericarps (often interpreted as drupes), 7–21 mm long, squaresquare:
2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles
to trigonoustrigonous:
3D shape—having three faces that meet at distinct angles; triangular in outline
, angledangled:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles
in transectiontransection:
a cross section; representing a plane made by cutting across an organ at a right angle to its length
, each mericarpmericarp:
a one-seeded section (carpel) of a schizocarp, as in Apiaceae fruits (compare schizocarp)
with operculate single-seeded thick-walled stone. Pericarppericarp:
fruit wall or fruit coat
usually blue, sometimes red, orange or yellow, thinthin:
having or being of relatively little depth
, smooth, sometimes pubescentpubescent:
surface relief—bearing hairs
.
Seed triangulartriangular:
2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped
, with an operculumoperculum:
a dehiscent cap (or lid) of a seed or fruit that opens during germination or dehiscence
but no micropylar collarmicropylar collar:
collar shaped tissue at micropyle
, 10–17 mm long. Seed coat hard, ridgedridged:
surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface
, pittedpitted:
surface relief—surface with small depressions in which the areas between the hollows do not take on the appearance of a true reticular net
, or wartywarty:
surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
, with a larger than punctatepunctate:
surface relief—dotted with pits or with translucent, sunken glands or with colored dots, similar to pitted
hilumhilum:
on seeds, the scar indicating where the funiculus was attached; on grass caryopses, the scar visible on the outer caryopsis surface revealing where the seed is attached on the inner fruit wall surface; or in Asteraceae cypselae, the scar visible on the pericarp revealing where the fruit was attached to the receptacle
.
Embryo well developed, foliatefoliate:
appearing leaf-like
or linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
, straight, basalbasal:
at or pertaining to the point of attachment; (of embryo) embryo occupies one end of the seed
, embedded in nutritive tissuenutritive tissue:
tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms
, sometimes acotyledonous. Endospermendosperm:
nutritive starch- and oil-containing tissue present in many seeds
copious, thinthin:
having or being of relatively little depth
perispermperisperm:
seed nutritive tissue comparable to the endosperm, but derived from the nucellus (maternal tissue)
also present.
Fruit | |
Type | schizocarp, splits into drupaceous mericarps |
Size range | 7–21 mm long |
Shape(s) | square, trigonous |
Texture | fleshyfleshy: texture—fairly firm and dense, juicy or at least moist, and easily cut |
Surface relief | smooth |
Color(s) | blue, red, orange, yellow |
Unique features | Usually blue, squaresquare: 2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles schizocarpsschizocarps: fruit formed from a single ovary, with fused carpels, with or without accessory tissue; splitting between locules to form distinct, indehiscent, usually one seeded segments; usually dry, rarely fleshy (compare mericarp) , with thinthin: having or being of relatively little depth pericarps, which split into three drupaceous mericarpsmericarps: a one-seeded section (carpel) of a schizocarp, as in Apiaceae fruits (compare schizocarp) . |
Seed | |
Size range | 10–17 mm long |
Shape(s) | triangulartriangular: 2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped |
Surface relief | ridged, pittedpitted: surface relief—surface with small depressions in which the areas between the hollows do not take on the appearance of a true reticular net , warty |
Unique features | Seeds triangulartriangular: 2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped , with an operculumoperculum: a dehiscent cap (or lid) of a seed or fruit that opens during germination or dehiscence but no micropylar collarmicropylar collar: collar shaped tissue at micropyle , exarillate, with hard, sculptured seed coats. |
Other | |
Embryo | well developed, foliatefoliate: appearing leaf-like or linearlinear: (shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide , straight, basalbasal: at or pertaining to the point of attachment; (of embryo) embryo occupies one end of the seed , embedded in nutritive tissuenutritive tissue: tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms , sometimes acotyledonous. |
Nutritive tissuenutritive tissue: tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms |
endosperm endosperm: nutritive starch- and oil-containing tissue present in many seeds copious, perispermperisperm: seed nutritive tissue comparable to the endosperm, but derived from the nucellus (maternal tissue) thin |
Mostly tropical America, few species in Melanesia.
Distribution map courtesy of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
Baskin and Baskin 2021Baskin and Baskin 2021:
Baskin C and Baskin J. 2021. Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: A status up-grade. Seed Science Research 31 (3): 199-210. doi:10.1017/S0960258521000209; Dahlgren et al. 1985Dahlgren et al. 1985:
Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, and Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 520 pp.; Davidse et al. 2009–2018Davidse et al. 2009–2018:
Davidse GM, Sousa Sánchez M, Knapp S. and Chiang Cabrera F, eds. 2009–2018. Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO. Accessed: January–April 2024. URL: http://legacy.tropicos.org/Project/FM; Kirkbride et al. 2006Kirkbride et al. 2006:
Kirkbride JH, Jr, Gunn CR, and Dallwitz MJ. 2006. Family guide for fruits and seeds, vers. 1.0. Accessed September 2020-January 2022. URL: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/seedsfruits/keys/frsdfam/index.cfm .; Kubitzki et al. 1990+Kubitzki et al. 1990+:
Kubitzki K et al., eds. 1990+. The families and genera of vascular plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc.; Stevenson and Loconte 1995Stevenson and Loconte 1995:
Stevenson DW and Loconte H. 1995. A cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall PJ, Cribb PJ, Cutler DF, and Humphries CJ, eds. Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; Watson and Dallwitz 1992+Watson and Dallwitz 1992+:
Watson L and Dallwitz MJ. 1992+. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 6th Accessed September 2020-September 2022. URL: delta-intkey.com
*The number of genera and species is based on Christenhusz and Byng 2016Christenhusz and Byng 2016:
Christenhusz MJM and Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201-217. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1, which may differ from the number of genera in GRIN-Global.