Heliconiaceae

Taxonomy

Family name: Heliconiaceae (A. Richardson) T. Nakai

Synonym(s): [none]

Common name(s): heliconia family

*Number of genera/species: 1/194

List of genera records in GRIN-Global

Disseminule

fruit

Description

Fruit schizocarp, splits into three fleshyfleshy:
texture—fairly firm and dense, juicy or at least moist, and easily cut
mericarps (often interpreted as drupes), 7–21 mm long, squaresquare:
2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles
to trigonoustrigonous:
3D shape—having three faces that meet at distinct angles; triangular in outline
, angledangled:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
in transectiontransection:
a cross section; representing a plane made by cutting across an organ at a right angle to its length
, each mericarpmericarp:
a one-seeded section (carpel) of a schizocarp, as in Apiaceae fruits (compare schizocarp)
with operculate single-seeded thick-walled stone. Pericarppericarp:
fruit wall or fruit coat
usually blue, sometimes red, orange or yellow, thinthin:
having or being of relatively little depth
, smooth, sometimes pubescentpubescent:
surface relief—bearing hairs
.

Seed triangulartriangular:
2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped
, with an operculumoperculum:
a dehiscent cap (or lid) of a seed or fruit that opens during germination or dehiscence
but no micropylar collarmicropylar collar:
collar shaped tissue at micropyle
, 10–17 mm long. Seed coat hard, ridgedridged:
surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface
, pittedpitted:
surface relief—surface with small depressions in which the areas between the hollows do not take on the appearance of a true reticular net
, or wartywarty:
surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
, with a larger than punctatepunctate:
surface relief—dotted with pits or with translucent, sunken glands or with colored dots, similar to pitted
hilumhilum:
on seeds, the scar indicating where the funiculus was attached; on grass caryopses, the scar visible on the outer caryopsis surface revealing where the seed is attached on the inner fruit wall surface; or in Asteraceae cypselae, the scar visible on the pericarp revealing where the fruit was attached to the receptacle
.

Embryo well developed, foliatefoliate:
appearing leaf-like
or linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
, straight, basalbasal:
at or pertaining to the point of attachment; (of embryo) embryo occupies one end of the seed
, embedded in nutritive tissuenutritive tissue:
tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms
, sometimes acotyledonous. Endospermendosperm:
nutritive starch- and oil-containing tissue present in many seeds
copious, thinthin:
having or being of relatively little depth
perispermperisperm:
seed nutritive tissue comparable to the endosperm, but derived from the nucellus (maternal tissue)
also present.

Identification features

Fruit
Type schizocarp, splits into drupaceous mericarps
Size range 7–21 mm long
Shape(s) square, trigonous
Texture fleshyfleshy:
texture—fairly firm and dense, juicy or at least moist, and easily cut
Surface relief smooth
Color(s) blue, red, orange, yellow
Unique features Usually blue, squaresquare:
2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles
schizocarpsschizocarps:
fruit formed from a single ovary, with fused carpels, with or without accessory tissue; splitting between locules to form distinct, indehiscent, usually one seeded segments; usually dry, rarely fleshy (compare mericarp)
, with thinthin:
having or being of relatively little depth
pericarps, which split into three drupaceous mericarpsmericarps:
a one-seeded section (carpel) of a schizocarp, as in Apiaceae fruits (compare schizocarp)
.
Seed
Size range 10–17 mm long
Shape(s) triangulartriangular:
2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped
Surface relief ridged, pittedpitted:
surface relief—surface with small depressions in which the areas between the hollows do not take on the appearance of a true reticular net
, warty
Unique features Seeds triangulartriangular:
2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped
, with an operculumoperculum:
a dehiscent cap (or lid) of a seed or fruit that opens during germination or dehiscence
but no micropylar collarmicropylar collar:
collar shaped tissue at micropyle
, exarillate, with hard, sculptured seed coats.
Other
Embryo well developed, foliatefoliate:
appearing leaf-like
or linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
, straight, basalbasal:
at or pertaining to the point of attachment; (of embryo) embryo occupies one end of the seed
, embedded in nutritive tissuenutritive tissue:
tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms
, sometimes acotyledonous.
Nutritive tissuenutritive tissue:
tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms
endosperm endosperm:
nutritive starch- and oil-containing tissue present in many seeds
copious, perispermperisperm:
seed nutritive tissue comparable to the endosperm, but derived from the nucellus (maternal tissue)
thin

Distribution

Mostly tropical America, few species in Melanesia.

Distribution map courtesy of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

References

Baskin and Baskin 2021Baskin and Baskin 2021:
Baskin C and Baskin J. 2021. Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: A status up-grade. Seed Science Research 31 (3): 199-210. doi:10.1017/S0960258521000209
; Dahlgren et al. 1985Dahlgren et al. 1985:
Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, and Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 520 pp.
; Davidse et al. 2009–2018Davidse et al. 2009–2018:
Davidse GM, Sousa Sánchez M, Knapp S. and Chiang Cabrera F, eds. 2009–2018. Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO. Accessed: January–April 2024. URL: http://legacy.tropicos.org/Project/FM
; Kirkbride et al. 2006Kirkbride et al. 2006:
Kirkbride JH, Jr, Gunn CR, and Dallwitz MJ. 2006. Family guide for fruits and seeds, vers. 1.0. Accessed September 2020-January 2022. URL: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/seedsfruits/keys/frsdfam/index.cfm .
; Kubitzki et al. 1990+Kubitzki et al. 1990+:
Kubitzki K et al., eds. 1990+. The families and genera of vascular plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc.
; Stevenson and Loconte 1995Stevenson and Loconte 1995:
Stevenson DW and Loconte H. 1995. A cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall PJ, Cribb PJ, Cutler DF, and Humphries CJ, eds. Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
; Watson and Dallwitz 1992+Watson and Dallwitz 1992+:
Watson L and Dallwitz MJ. 1992+. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 6th Accessed September 2020-September 2022. URL: delta-intkey.com

*The number of genera and species is based on Christenhusz and Byng 2016Christenhusz and Byng 2016:
Christenhusz MJM and Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201-217. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
, which may differ from the number of genera in GRIN-Global.

  Fruit:   Heliconia latispatha ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruit: Heliconia latispatha; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seed:   Heliconia latispatha ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seed: Heliconia latispatha; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Embryo:   Heliconia psittacorum ; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Heliconia psittacorum; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Embryo:   Heliconia latispatha ; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Heliconia latispatha; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Infructescence :  Heliconia aurantiaca ; Photo by K.E. Clancy, USDA APHIS PPQ, imageID.idtools.org

Infructescence: Heliconia aurantiaca; Photo by K.E. Clancy, USDA APHIS PPQ, imageID.idtools.org

  Infructescence :  Heliconia osaensis ; Photo by R. Aguilar, flickr.com

Infructescence: Heliconia osaensis; Photo by R. Aguilar, flickr.com

  Infructescence :  Heliconia pogonantha ; Photo by R. Aguilar, flickr.com

Infructescence: Heliconia pogonantha; Photo by R. Aguilar, flickr.com

  Infructescence :  Heliconia indica ; Photo by W.J. Kress, NMNH, eol.org

Infructescence: Heliconia indica; Photo by W.J. Kress, NMNH, eol.org

  Inflorescence :  Heliconia  sp.; Illustration by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux, A general system of botany (1873), courtesy of L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz, 1992 onwards

Inflorescence: Heliconia sp.; Illustration by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux, A general system of botany (1873), courtesy of L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz, 1992 onwards