Content is from Kirkbride et al. 2006, without modification. Updates are forthcoming.
Fruits: Pistil(s) simple, or compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; capsule, or berry (not Spjut); achenarium (Globularia, Poskea; unknown in Lagotis); denticidal capsule, or fissuricidal capsule, or foraminicidal capsule (Spjut Fig. 32B), or loculicidal capsule, or septicidal capsule, or poricidal capsule (3 families: Loganiaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae & in this family opening by valves, teeth, irregular ruptures of operculum, forming 1–2 pores); capsule not inflated, or inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; valves not diverging at top of central column; with styles(s); at apex; within accessory organ(s); within calyx; accrescent; persistent; soft calyx; many-seeded; many; with 2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style, or separating at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall membranaceous (at least); dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively, or actively; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades); dull; durable; membranous (Globularia); glabrous, or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs short; hairs dense, or scattered; hairs white; hairs not glandular; without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent, or present. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds: Aril absent. Seed minute, or larger than minute; less than 1 mm long to 1 to less than 5 mm long; 0.5–3.5 mm long; irregular, or oval, or obovoid, or circular, or linear; in transection terete, or compressed, or flattened; bowl shaped, or not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves (rarely), or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present, or absent; adnate to epicarp; without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; with markedly different marginal tissue, or without markedly different marginal tissue; marginal tissue winglike; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth, or smooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface punctate; surface granular, or papillate, or tuberculate; surface reticulate, or rugose, or striate; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings, or with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing encompassing seed; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; crustaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding endosperm, or surrounding embryo. Endosperm development cellular, or nuclear; copious; fleshy, or cartilaginous; smooth; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor. Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve), or partially filling testa (with food reserve); chamber central to wings; 0.4–1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear, or miniature; with spatulate cotyledons; straight, or C-shaped, or annular (rarely); parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green (but may be violet); with 2 or more cotyledons, or acotyledonous (Lathraea). Cotyledons 2; tiny, or moderately developed, or well developed; 0.1–0.7 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–3 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; straight, or curved; not thickened.
Literature specific to this family: Sutton, D.A. 1988. A revision of the tribe Antirrhineae. Oxford University Press, London; Musselman, L.J. & W.F. Mann, Jr. 1976. A survey of surface characteristics of seeds of Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae using scanning electron microscopy. Phytomorphology 26:370–379; Elisens, W.J. & A.S. Thomb. 1983. Seed morphology in New World Antirrhinae (Scrophulariaceae): Systematic and phylogenetic implications. Pl. Syst. Evol. 142:23–47; Canne, J.M. 1980. Seed surface features in Aureolaria, Brachystigma, Tomanthera, and certain South American Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae). Syst. Bot. 5:241–252; Falcão Ichaso, C.L. 1978. Tipos de sementes encontradas nas Scrophulariaceae. Rodriguésia 30:335–344.
General references: Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) & 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) & 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. & C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, & J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 & amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. & J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, & Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, and Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper & Row, New York.
Authors: M. Islam, A. Miller, M. Maher, J. Scher, A. Redford
Content last updated November 2022
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