About this tool

Methods and standards

Terminology

All morphological characters used in the key and diagnoses are defined in the glossary and illustrated in the key and glossary. Xyleborini specific characters for the antennalantennal:
pertaining to the antennae
club and pronotalpronotal:
pertaining to the pronotum
shape follow those given by Hulcr et al. (2007) and elaborated upon by Smith et al. (2020b).

Measurements

Measurements were taken from the specimen’s dorsaldorsal:
of or relating to the upper surface; opposite of ventral
perspectivefor a maximum of 5 individuals per species unless otherwise noted. Length was measured from the pronotalpronotal:
pertaining to the pronotum
apexapex:
point or edge furthest from the body; opposite of base
to the elytralelytral:
pertaining to the elytra
apexapex:
point or edge furthest from the body; opposite of base
. Width was measured at the widest part of the pronotumpronotum:
the dorsal surface of the thorax
. Proportions are given as the ratio of length to width.

Distribution data

Distribution data were collected from Wood and Bright 1992Wood and Bright 1992:
Wood SL, Bright DE. 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 13: 1-1533.; Beaver and Liu 2010Beaver and Liu 2010:
Beaver RA, Liu L-Y. 2010. An annotated synopsis of Taiwanese bark and ambrosia beetles, with new synonymy, new combinations and new records (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 2602: 1-47. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2602.1.1; Knížek 2011; Beaver et al. 2014Beaver et al. 2014:
Beaver RA, Sittichaya W, Liu L-Y. 2014. A synopsis of the scolytine ambrosia beetles of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 3875: 1-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3875.1.1; Zheng et al. 2017Zheng et al. 2017:
Zheng S, Li Y, Wang S. 2017. Identification and distribution of Xyleborinus artestriatus Eichhoff 1878 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in China. Journal of Environmental Entomology 40: 1445-1450. (Chinese with English abstract).; Smith et al. 2018aSmith et al. 2018a:
Smith SM, Rabaglia RJ, Beaver RA, Thu PQ, Cognato AI. 2018a. Attraction of ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to semiochemicals in Vietnam with new records and a new species. The Coleopterists Bulletin 72: 838-844. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-72.4.838, 2018b; Mandelshtam et al. 2018Mandelshtam et al. 2018:
Mandelshtam M Yu, Yakushkin EA, Petrov AV. 2018. Oriental ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): new inhabitants of Primorsky krai in Russia. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 9(4): 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075111718040082; Lin et al. 2019Lin et al. 2019:
Lin W, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Gao L. 2019. New area records and new hosts of Ambrosiodmus minor (Stebbing) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in mainland China. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73: 684-686. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-73.3.684; Park et al. 2020Park et al. 2020:
Park S, Smith SM, Cognato AI, Beaver RA. 2020. Catalogue of Korean Xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with seven new species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 13: 210-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.01.002; Smith et al. 2020bSmith et al. 2020b:
Smith SM, Beaver RA, and Cognato AI. 2020b. A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys 983: 1-442. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630; Beaver and Smith 2022Beaver and Smith 2022:
Beaver RA, Smith SM. 2022. The bark and ambrosia beetles of Bhutan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae): a synopsis with three new species of Scolytinae. Zootaxa 5174: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.1.1; Lin and Smith 2022Lin and Smith 2022:
Lin C-S, Smith SM. 2022 Four new species and five new records of xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Xyleborini) from Taiwan. Taiwania 67: 285-301. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2022.67.285; Smith et al. 2022aSmith et al. 2022a:
Smith SM, Urvois T, Roques A, Cognato AI. 2022a. Recognition of the pseudocryptic species Xylosandrus declivigranulatus (Schedl) as distinct from X. crassiusculus (Motschulusky) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 76: 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-76.3.367, 2022b, 2022c. Despite the efforts of this project, the Southeast Asian fauna remains poorly known for many countries, and a lack of published records should not be interpreted as the absence of a species for a particular area.

Taxonomic coverage

Species reported as occurring in the study region prior to 2020 are included in this online tool. The creation of the 2019 online identification tool and associated monograph of Southeast Asia (Smith et al. 2020bSmith et al. 2020b:
Smith SM, Beaver RA, and Cognato AI. 2020b. A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys 983: 1-442. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630) was the impetus of a worldwide need to identify Asian Xyleborini species discovered beyond their native range (e.g., ). These resources served as a faunal baseline which facilitated a plethora of new records, taxonomic reviews, and description of new species. With the exception of three species of economic concern, Cyclorhipidion californicum, C. nemesis, and Xylosandrus declivigranulatus, new species described since 2020 were omitted from this update. It is our hope to include them in the near future. These omitted species are from the following publications: Beaver and Smith 2022Beaver and Smith 2022:
Beaver RA, Smith SM. 2022. The bark and ambrosia beetles of Bhutan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae): a synopsis with three new species of Scolytinae. Zootaxa 5174: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.1.1; Lin and Smith 2022Lin and Smith 2022:
Lin C-S, Smith SM. 2022 Four new species and five new records of xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Xyleborini) from Taiwan. Taiwania 67: 285-301. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2022.67.285; Sittichaya and Smith 2022Sittichaya and Smith 2022:
Sittichaya W, Smith SM (2022) New species and new records of Amasa Lea, 1894 ambrosia beetles from Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Zootaxa . In press.; Sittichaya et al. 2021Sittichaya et al. 2021:
Sittichaya W, Smith SM, Beaver RA, Thaochan N (2021) Revision of the xyleborine ambrosia beetle genus Microperus Wood, 1980 (Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Xyleborini) of Thailand; with four new species and four newly recorded species. ZooKeys 1074: 191-214. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1074.76235; Smith et al. 2022cSmith et al. 2022c:
Smith, SM, Beaver RA, Pham HT, Cognato AI. 2022c. New species and new records of Xyleborini from the Oriental region, Japan and Papua New Guinea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa. In press..

Euwallacea galeatus and Xyleborus nagaoensis have been excluded from the Lucid key as both species are solely known from male specimens, but fact sheets are available for both species. Euwallacea obliquecauda (Motschulsky, 1863) is known solely from Sri Lanka. It has been reported from Japan, though this record should be considered dubious. It is very likely that the record represents a misidentification of a species near Euwallacea funereus.

Imaging

Images were taken at Michigan State University with a Visionary Digital Passport II system (Palmyra, VA) using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II, 65.0 mm Canon Macro photo lens, illuminated with either two Dynalite (Union, NJ) MH2015 road flash heads and Dynalite RoadMax MP8 power pack or a Elinchrom ELC500 duo studio monolight kit with an Elinchrom Skyport Transmitter Pro for Canon (Renens, Switzerland), and a Stack Shot (Cognisys, Inc, Traverse City, MI) controlled with Zerene Stacker v.1.04 (Zerene Systems LLC, Richland, WA). Forest Research Institute (Dehradun, India) specimens were imaged using MicroPublisher 5.0RTV (Q Imaging, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada) magnified with an Olympus 8ZX16 stereoscope. Lighting consisted of four fiber optic arms diffused by surrounding the specimen with vellum paper. Images were producedproduced:
referring to a part of the exoskeleton that is extended, lengthened or elevated
in 0.02 - 0.04 mm image slices controlled by AutoMontage. Montages of the sliced images for each specimen were assembled using Helicon Focus Mac Pro 6.7.1 (Helicon Soft, Kharkov, Ukraine) or Zerene Stacker. Montage photos were edited in Adobe Photoshop Elements 13 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) or Adobe Photoshop 2020 v. 21.2.6 (San Jose, CA). .

Molecular sequences

DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing methods are detailed in Cognato et al. (2020b).