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CAPS Secondary Target - Adult

Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermuller) (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini)

Common names: dark fruit-tree tortrix

Synonyms: cappana (Tortrix), cappata (Tortrix), carpiniana (Tortrix), fasciana (Pyralis), heperana (Tortrix), padana (Tortrix), pasquayana (Tortrix), rubrana (Tortrix), subclarana (var.), vulpisana (Lozotaenia)

Fig. 1: Male

Fig. 1: Male

Fig. 2: Male

Fig. 2: Male

Fig. 3: Male

Fig. 3: Male

Fig. 4: Female

Fig. 4: Female

Fig. 5: Male genitalia

Fig. 5: Male genitalia

Fig. 6: Female genitalia

Fig. 6: Female genitalia

Fig. 7: Larva

Fig. 7: Larva

Adult Recognition

FWL: 8.0-12.0 mm

Adults are medium brown with fasciate markings and light to medium grayish-brown hindwings. Pandemis heparana can be separated from other Pandemis listed here by the grayish-brown hindwings and the lack of dark scales on the second abdominal sternite in the male.

Six species of Pandemis occur in the Nearctic. Four, P. canadana, P. lamprosana, P. limitata, and P. pyrusana, are native, while two, P. cerasana and P. heparana, have been introduced from the Palearctic. All species treated here have a straw (yellow) to brown forewing with brown to dark-brown markings consisting of a patch on the costa below the apex, a median band that extends from costa to dorsum, and a basal band. The two bands (or fasciae) may be lined with light or dark scales in some individuals, creating the appearance of three lines running vertically across the wing. Males have a distinctive notch at the base of the antennae and modified dark scales on the ventral surface of abdominal segments 2-3 (this character is absent in P. lamprosana and P. heparana). Males lack a forewing costal fold.

Species identification within the group is difficult. Pandemis lamprosana, P. cerasana, and P. heparana, can be identified by wing color and male genitalia. The other three species, P. canadana, P. limitata, and P. pyrusana, exhibit variable wing patterns, share identical genitalia, and cannot be reliably separated where their distributions overlap. The following table lists a combination of wing color and geographic distribution that can be used to identify many Pandemis individuals collected in the U.S.

Pandemis species Forewing color Hindwing color Sex scales on male 2nd abd. segment Distribution
canadana medium to dark brown all gray present Maine, Colorado, Wyoming, Southern Canada
cerasana straw to light brown grayish brown present Pacific Northwest, British Columbia; Europe and Asia
heparana medium brown light to medium grayish brown absent Pacific Northwest, British Columbia; Europe and Asia
lamprosana tan to light brown white to light gray absent Northeastern U.S., southern Quebec and Ontario
limitata straw to medium brown gray and white present Eastern U.S. and southern Canada; generally absent in the U.S. west of the Rocky Mtns.
pyrusana straw to medium brown all white present Rocky Mtns. west to California, southern Alberta and British Columbia

Larval Morphology

Late instar larvae are entirely green and unmarked with moderately large pinacula and long setae. The head is variably colored from light green to yellowish brown with black lateral markings. The prothoracic shield is green or yellowish brown with black posterolateral markings. A well developed anal comb is present with 6-8 teeth.

MacKay (1962) examined several species of Nearctic Pandemis and could find no species-specific larval characters. Diagnostic characters for the genus include: SD2 on A1-8 on same pinaculum as SD1; L1 and L2 anterior to spiracle on A2-8; SV group on A1,2,7,8,9 usually 3:3:3:2:2; D2s on A8 as far apart as D1s; D1 on A9 on its own pinaculum; anal setae very long; anal comb with 6-8 teeth.

Biology

In Europe, Pandemis heparana completes one or two generations per year. Adults are present June-July for the first generation and August-September for the second generation.

Females deposit eggs in masses on the upper surface of leaves. Larvae feed on leaves and construct a hibernaculum in the second or third instar in which to overwinter. Larvae resume feeding in the spring. Pupation occurs in the final larval feeding site.  

Host plants

Larvae of Pandemis heparana are polyphagous and have been recorded feeding on plants in more than 20 families. This species is considered an occasional orchard pest.

Family Genus/species Common name
Aceraceae Acer L. maple
Asteraceae Achillea L. yarrow
Asteraceae Arctium L. burdock
Asteraceae Arctium lappa L. greater burdock
Asteraceae Artemisia montana Pamp.
Asteraceae Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. eastern daisy
Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. European alder
Betulaceae Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. Japanese alder
Betulaceae Alnus Mill. alder
Betulaceae Betula L. birch
Betulaceae Betula platyphylla Sukaczev Asian white birch
Betulaceae Carpinus L. hornbeam
Betulaceae Corylus L. hazelnut
Boraginaceae Anchusa L. bugloss
Cannabaceae Humulus L. hop
Caprifoliaceae Lonicera periclymenum L. European honeysuckle
Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris L. common beet
Cornaceae Cornus controversa Hemsl. ex Prain giant dogwood
Cornaceae Cornus L. dogwood
Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus L. oleaster
Ericaceae Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.
Ericaceae Vaccinium L. blueberry
Ericaceae Vaccinium uliginosum L. bog blueberry
Ericaceae Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. lingonberry
Fabaceae Phaseolus L. bean
Fabaceae Trifolium repens L. white clover
Fagaceae Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Japanese chestnut
Fagaceae Castanea Mill. chestnut
Fagaceae Fagus L. beech
Fagaceae Quercus cerris L. European turkey oak
Fagaceae Quercus dentata Thunb. Daimyo oak
Fagaceae Quercus L. oak
Fagaceae Quercus robur L. English oak
Grossulariaceae Ribes L. currant
Juglandaceae Juglans L. walnut
Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. common flax
Moraceae Morus L. mulberry
Myricaceae Myrica gale L. sweetgale
Oleaceae Fraxinus L. ash
Oleaceae Ligustrum L. privet
Oleaceae Ligustrum yesoense Nakai
Oleaceae Syringa L. lilac
Oleaceae Syringa vulgaris L. common lilac
Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius L. bitter dock
Primulaceae Lysimachia L. yellow loosestrife
Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. buckthorn
Rosaceae Crataegus chlorosarca Maxim.
Rosaceae Crataegus L. hawthorn
Rosaceae Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince
Rosaceae Fragaria L. strawberry
Rosaceae Malus domestica Borkh. apple
Rosaceae Malus pumila Mill. paradise apple
Rosaceae Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. European crab apple
Rosaceae Malus Mill. apple
Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca L. apricot
Rosaceae Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry
Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach
Rosaceae Prunus salicina Lindl. Japanese plum
Rosaceae Prunus serrulata Lindl. Japanese flowering cherry
Rosaceae Prunus X yedoensis Matsum. (pro sp.) [subhirtella X speciosa]
Rosaceae Prunus L.
Rosaceae Pyrus L. pear
Rosaceae Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.
Rosaceae Rosa L. rose
Rosaceae Rubus L. blackberry
Rosaceae Sorbus L. mountain ash
Rutaceae Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Amur corktree
Salicaceae Populus L. cottonwood
Salicaceae Salix caprea L. goat willow
Salicaceae Salix cinerea L. large gray willow
Salicaceae Salix L. willow
Tiliaceae Tilia L. basswood
Ulmaceae Ulmus davidiana Planch. Japanese elm
Ulmaceae Ulmus L. elm

Distribution

Pandemis heparana is widely distributed in the Palearctic from Western Europe to Asia. In North America it has been introduced to the Pacific Northwest. The first North American records are from British Columbia in 1978.

References

Bradley, J. D., W. G. Tremewan and A. Smith. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths - Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London, England.

Dombroskie, J. J. 2011. Aspects of archipine evolution (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences. Ph.D. dissertation. 488 pp.

Mutuura, A. 1980. Two Pandemis species introduced into British Columbia, with a comparison of native North American species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Canadian Entomologist. 112: 549-554.

Razowski, J. 2002. Tortricidae of Europe, Vol. 1, Tortricinae and Chlidanotinae. Frantisek Slamka, Slovakia. 247 pp.

Photo Credits

Fig. 7: Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org

Tortricids of Agricultural Importance by Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein
Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August 2014.