Citrus chlorotic dwarf virus (CCDV)

Scientific name

[possible viral aetiology] Citrus chlorotic dwarf virus (CCDV).

Other common names

Citrus chlorotic dwarf, citrus chlorotic dwarf disease (CCDD).

Disease cycle

Vectored by bayberry whitefly (Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana)). It is transmissible by grafting on infected buds, slash inoculation from extracts of infected leaves and bark in phosphate buffer.

Symptoms

Field symptoms consist of chlorotic flecking on young leaves, warping, crinkling, inverted cupping, spoon-shaping and variegation on leaves. Strong chlorosischlorosis:
an abnormal yellowing or whitening in green plant tissue due to insufficient chlorophyll production
and dwarfing of leaves are also observed. Grapefruit, lemon, mandarin and sour orange develop more severe symptoms than sweet orange. Diagnosis is made by grafting on rough lemon and Citrus macrophylla preferably in warm conditions

Host range

All citrus cultivars are susceptible.

Distribution

Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Easily confused with

Citrus variegation virus (CVV), satsuma dwarf virus (SDV), citrus leaf rugose virus (CLRV), and citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV).

Leaf symptoms of CCDV.	Leaf symptom - chlorotic flecking on young leaves.
Leaf symptom - chlorotic flecking and warping on leaves.	Leaf symptom - gondol like leaves with inverted cupping on young leaves.
Leaf symptom - distorted, puckered both young and old leaves.	Leaf symptom - wrinkled curled leaves with some bumpy areas.
Leaf symptom - distorted and warped mature leaves with nutrient deficiency.	Leaf symptoms on Red Blush grapefruit leaves. Courtesy EcoPort http://www.ecoport.org, Kersting U.
Leaf symptoms of CCDV on leaves of Minneola tangelo. Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org), Kersting U.	The first symptom of citrus chlorotic dwarf on a leaf of a rough lemon seedling after inoculation. Note the notch on the left margin of the leaf, which is symptomatic for this disease. Courtesy EcoPort
Tree symptom on Fremont mandarin on sour orange rootstock 10 weeks after inoculation. Control is on the left. Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org), Kersting U.	Leaf symptoms - typical bent tip symptoms of CCDV on leaves of sour orange seedling. Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org), Kersting U.
A close-up of the v-notch on a leaf of a citrus chlorotic dwarf inoculated rough lemon seedling. Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org), Kersting U.	Leaf mottle and tip notches on rough lemon 10 weeks after inoculation with CCDV. Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org), Kersting U.