Name and publication

Phytophthora quininea Crand. (1947)

Crandall BS. 1947. A new Phytophthora causing root and collar rot of Cinchona in Peru. Mycologia 39: 218–223.

Nomenclature

from Crandall (1947)

Mycobank

MB289693

Etymology

The specific name is derived from the Spanish word for the cinchona tree, which was adapted from the original Quechua “quina-quina”. Two of the alkaloids extracted from the cinchona bark, “quinine” and “quinidine”, received their names from the same source.

Typification

Type: PERU, isolated from root and collar rot in a plantation tree of cinchona (Cinchonae officinalis) collected by Bowen S. Crandall, in Fundo Sinchono, 60 km. east from Tingo Maria (Pucallpa highway), on the upper headwaters of the Aguaytia River, Department of Loreto during 1947?; holotype isolate No: C-67 of the culture collection of the Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology of the “Estacion Experimental Agricola de Tingo Maria”

Ex-type: C-67 Crandall

Ex-type in other collections

(ET) CBS 407.48, ATCC 46733, CMW 31062, C-67 Crandall, WPC P8488 P1089, S&T BL 54G (Abad), 46C4 (Hong), p386 (Gallegly)

Molecular identification

Voucher sequences for barcoding genes (ITS rDNA and COI) of the ex-type (see Molecular protocols page)

Phytophthora quininea isolate CPHST BL 54G (= P8488 WPC) = ITS rDNA MG865580, COI MH136972

Voucher sequences for Molecular Toolbox with seven genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Voucher sequences for Metabarcoding High-throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies [Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU)]

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Sequences with multiple genes for ex-type in other sources

• NCBI: Phytophthora quininea CPHST BL 54G
• NCBI: Phytophthora quininea P8488
• NCBI: Phytophthora quininea CBS 407.48
• EPPO-Q-bank: Phytophthora quininea CBS 407.48 ITS, TUB, TEF, COI
• BOLDSYSTEMS: Phytophthora quininea (barcoding COI & ITS)

Position in multigenic phylogeny with 7 genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1)

Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
9c

Genome sequence

Phytophthora quininea strain ex-type BL 54. Accession genome USDA_Pqui_54_1.0 reference, BioProject PRJNA612532, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T (2020)

Morphological identification

Colonies and cardinal temperatures

Colony colony:
assemblage of hyphae which usually develops form a single source and grows in a coordinated way
morphology on PDA and V8 with light chrysanthemum pattern, and MEA with chrysanthemum pattern. Minimum growth temperature 9°C, optimum 21–25°C, and maximum 30°C.

Conditions for growth and sporulation

Sporangia and hyphal swellings produced in V-8 agar flooded with 10% soil solution. ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
produced abundantly on culture media. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
not formed on culture media. Crandall (1947) described the species as homothallichomothallic:
pertaining to sexual reproduction that can take place within a single thallus (i.e. self-fertile, non-outcrossing) (cf. heterothallic).
; it appears to be that oogoniaoogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
observed in this study corresponded to big chlamydosporeschlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
.

Asexual phase

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
nonpapillatenonpapillate:
pertaining to the production of a non-distinct, or inconspicuous, papilla at the distal end of the sporangium (cf. papillate and semipapillate)
; persistentpersistent:
pertaining to sporangia that remain attached to the sporangiophore and do not separate or detach easily (cf. caducous)
; ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
, obpyriformobpyriform:
inversely pear-shaped, i.e. with the widest part at the point of attachment (cf. pyriform)
, irregular (21–62 L x 11–44 W µm) sometimes with tapered bases; showing nested and extended internal proliferationinternal proliferation:
internal proliferation occurs when the sporangiophore continues to grow through an empty sporangium
; originated in simple sympodial sporangiophores. Hyphal swellings globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
, subglobose, some produced individually and some in catenulated chains. ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
 globose, subglobose (20–89 µm diam.), produced lateral, terminal, or intercalaryintercalary:
positioned within a hypha (cf. terminal)
, and sometimes in catenulatecatenulate:
having a chain-like form
shape.

Sexual phase

Sterile.

Most typical characters

Phytophthora quininea is characterized by the presence of big chlamydosporeschlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
, the shape of hyphal swellings and sporangiasporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
, and absence of gametangiagametangia:
part of hypha specialized for fusion in sexual reproduction (see antheridium and oogonium)
.

Specimen(s) evaluated

Phytophthora quininea ex-type CPHST BL 54G, duplicate of P8488 (World Phytophthora Collection)

Hosts and distribution

Distribution: Central America (Guatemala), Caribbean Islands (Puerto Rico), South America (Bolivia, Peru)
Substrate: roots
Disease note: root and collar rot
Host: Cinchona spp. (Rubiaceae)

Retrieved February 01, 2018 from U.S. National Fungus Collections Nomenclature Database.

Additional info
Host: Cinchona officinalis

Quarantine status

USA: This species was listed as a species of concern during the 2009 Phytophthora prioritization project conducted by USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST PERAL (Schwartzburg et al.).

Additional references and links

 

• SMML USDA-ARS: Phytophthora quininea
• EPPO Global Database: Phytophthora quininea
• Forest Phytophthora of the world: Phytophthora quininea
• CABI Digital Library: Phytophthora quininea
• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): Phytophthora quininea
• Index Fungorum (IF): Phytophthora quininea

 

• Google All Phytophthora quininea
• Google Images Phytophthora quininea
• Google Scholar Phytophthora quininea

Fact sheet author

Z. Gloria Abad, Ph.D., USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL), United States of America.