Name and publication

Phytophthora arenaria A. Rea, Stukely & T. Jung (2011)

Rea AJ, Burgess TI, Hardy GE StJ, Stukely MJC, and Jung T. 2011. Two novel and potentially endemic species of Phytophthora associated with episodic dieback of Kwongan vegetation in the south-west of Western Australia. Plant Pathol. 60: 1055–1068.

Corresponding author: tburgess@murdoch.edu.au

Nomenclature

from Rea et al. (2011)

Mycobank

MB518792

Synonymy

referred to as P. sp.1 by Burgess et al. 2009

Etymology

refers to the association of this species with sandy soils

Typification

Type: WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Eneabba, isolated from soil sample collected beneath symptomless Eucalyptus drummondii growing in native Kwongan vegetation, February 2009, T. Jung, MURU 455 (dried culture on V8A in the herbarium of Murdoch University, Western Australia).

Ex-type: CBS 127950 deposited at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) Utrecht, Netherlands

Sequences for ex-type in original manuscript: Phytophthora arenaria CBS 127950: ITS rDNA: HQ013219, COX 1 HQ013203

Ex-type in other collections

(ET) CBS 127950, WPC P19599, S&T BL 78 (Abad), 55C2 (Hong),  ENA3

Molecular identification

Voucher sequences for barcoding genes (ITS rDNA and COI) of the ex-type (see Molecular protocols page)

Phytophthora arenaria isolate CPHST BL 78 (= P19599 WPC) = ITS rDNA MG783377, COI MH136848

Voucher sequences for Molecular Toolbox with seven genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1 

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Voucher sequences for Metabarcoding High-throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies [Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU)]

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Sequences with multiple genes for ex-type in other sources

• NCBI: Phytophthora arenaria CPHST BL 78 
• NCBI: Phytophthora arenaria P19599 
• NCBI: Phytophthora arenaria CBS 127950
• EPPO-Q-bank: Phytophthora arenaria CBS 127950
• BOLDSYSTEMS: Phytophthora arenaria

Position in multigenic phylogeny with 7 genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1)

Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
4

Morphological identification

Colonies and cardinal temperatures

Colony colony:
assemblage of hyphae which usually develops form a single source and grows in a coordinated way
morphology is appressed with no distinctive growth pattern and regular smooth margins on CA, V8A, MEA, and PDA. Minimum growth temperature 10°C, optimum 25°C, and maximum 32.5°C.

Conditions for growth and sporulation

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
 are produced in water cultures (soil extract or river water) and not observed in solid media. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
are formed readily in single-strain culture on CA and V8A after about 14 d.

Asexual phase

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
 are papillatepapillate:
pertaining to the production of a distinct papilla at the distal end of the sporangium (cf. nonpapillate and semipapillate)
, persistentpersistent:
pertaining to sporangia that remain attached to the sporangiophore and do not separate or detach easily (cf. caducous)
, and predominantly ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
. SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
average 31.8 ± 4.6 x 27.3 ± 3.5 mm (overall range 20.2–53.0 x 12.5–35.0 mm). Sporangiophores in simple sympodiasympodia:
a type of sporangiophore which appears simple, but where each successive sporangium develops on a branch behind and to one side of the previous apex, where growth has already ceased
with no proliferationproliferation:
formation of a sporangium within an empty sporangium that has previously emitted zoospores (internal or nested) or after the sporangiophore has emerged from the empty sporangium (external)
. Hyphal swellings are rare. ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
 absent

Sexual phase

Homothallic. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
are globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
with wavy walls turning golden-brown on maturity, average size 25.3 ± 2.2 mm (19.6–34.3 mm). OosporesOospores:
zygote or thick-walled spore that forms within the oogonium after fertilization by the antheridium; may be long-lived
are apleroticaplerotic:
pertaining to a mature oospore that does not fill the oogonium; i.e. there is room left between the oospore wall and oogonium wall (cf. plerotic)
, globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
with thick walls, average size 22.3 ± 1.8 µm (16.0–28.3). AntheridiaAntheridia:
the male gametangium; a multinucleate, swollen hyphal tip affixed firmly to the wall of the female gametangium (the oogonium)
 are paragynousparagynous:
pertaining to the sexual stage in which the antheridium is attached to the side of the oogonium (cf. amphigynous)
.

Most typical characters

Phytopthora arenaria forms a species complex with Phytophthora boodjera and Phytophthora alticola and is morphologically very similar to these species.

Specimen(s) evaluated

Australia; Western Australia: Australia, Eneabba, isolated from soil sample collected beneath asymptomatic Eucalyptus drummondii, February 2009, T. Jung. CBS 127950 = ENA3; CBS 125800 = ENA1; ENA4; from Banksia attenuata, June 2008, VHS 19931; VHS19950; Badgingarra, isolated from Banksia attenuata, April 2006, VHS15453; VHS15489; Bunbury, isolated from Banksia littoralis, February 2002, VHS 10154; Cooljarloo, isolated from Hibbertia hypericoides, January 2009, B. Dunstan, CLJO 142; Kalbarri, from soil beneath symptomatic vegetation, June 1986, DDS 1221; Lancelin, from Banksia menziesii, November 2001, VHS 9861

Additional isolate(s): CPHST BL 78 (ET) = P19599 World Oomycetes /Phytophthora Collection – California, USA

Hosts and distribution

Distribution: Western Australia
Substrate: roots, collars, and rhizosphere soil
Disease note: proven pathogenic toward Banksia attenuata
Hosts: Banksia littoralis, B. attenuata, B. sphaerocarpa, B. hookeriana, B. menziesii, Hibbertia hypericoides, Eucalyptus drummondii

Retrieved January 18, 2018 from U.S. National Fungus Collections Nomenclature Database.

Additional references and links

Burgess TI, Webster JL, Ciampini JA, White DW, Hardy GESJ, and Stukely MJC. 2009. Re-evaluation of Phytophthora species isolated during 30 years of vegetation health surveys in Western Australia using molecular techniques. Plant Disease 93, 215–223.

Maseko B, Coutinho TA, Burgess TI, Wingfield BD, and Wingfield MJ. 2007. Two new species of Phytophthora from South African eucalypt plantations. Mycological Research 111: 1321–1338.

 

• SMML USDA-ARS: Phytophthora arenaria
• EPPO Global Database: Phytophthora arenaria
• Forest Phytophthoras of the world: Phytophthora arenaria
• CABI Digital Library: Phytophthora arenaria
• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): Phytophthora arenaria
• Index Fungorum (IF): Phytophthora arenaria

 

• Google All Phytophthora arenaria
• Google Images Phytophthora arenaria
• Google Scholar Phytophthora arenaria

 

Fact sheet authors

Treena Burgess, Ph.D., Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Australia

Z. Gloria Abad, Ph.D., USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL), United States of America.