Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 1.4.01.
Tribe: Detarieae.
Group: Cynometra.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 28 studied; ca. 70 in genus.
Fruit: A legume; unilocular; 0.6–13 cm long; 0.3–5 cm wide; 0.6–2 cm thick; length less than twice as long as width; with deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with deciduous calyx; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight; not plicate; not twisted; symmetrical, or asymmetrical; vertically grooved ovate, or oblong, or C-shaped, or irregular (nearly), or reniform (with one side being straight); with both sutures unequally curved, or both sutures parallelly curved, or 1 straight and 1 curved suture; widest near middle or D-shaped; not inflated; flattened to terete (valves terete or subterete); without beak; long tapered at apex to tapered at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit to right-angled with longitudinal axis of fruit; rounded at base; oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; ligneous; seed chambers externally invisible; margin not constricted; margin often with sulcus, or without sulcus; margin plain; wing(s) absent; stipitate to nonstipitate; with the stipe 0.1–10 mm long; with all layers dehiscing, or indehiscent; splitting along suture(s). Dehiscence of valves along both sutures (?); active; with valves tearing 1 or more times concentrically in terete forms, or in flattened forms dehiscing elastically and separately enrolling, or revolute (?). Replum invisible. Epicarp dull; monochrome; light reddish brown, or tan; with surface texture uniform; densely pubescent and indurate, or glabrous; with hairs erect; with simple hairs (gray velvety); eglandular; without spines; smooth, or not smooth; with elevated features; not veined; not tuberculate; reticulately rugose, or tuberculate, or scaly; checking and exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present; surface not veined; 1-layered (?); without balsamic vesicles; without fibers; without reniform canals; spongy; ligneous (tearing concentrically in C. hostmanniana). Endocarp present; visible; dull; opaque; monochrome; brown; without adhering pieces of testa; septate; not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; entire. Seed(s) 1–2(–4); length transverse to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus 0.1–0.4 mm long; of 1 length only; thick; straight. Aril absent.
Seed: 9–35 mm long; 0.7–28 mm wide; 0.3–20 mm thick; not overgrown; not angular; symmetrical, or asymmetrical; circular to oblong, or D-shaped to irregular (with 1 straight side); compressed; with surface smooth; without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; dull; not modified by a bloom; colored; monochrome; brown; glabrous; not smooth; with elevated features, or recessed features; seldom glandular to pubescent, often remnants of endocarp appearing scurfy or shagreen, or rugose; seldom pitted with small separate pits; coriaceous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe visible (from hilum to base). Hilum present; visible; without faboid split; punctiform; apical at apex of radicle tip, or subapical to radicle tip (often at right angles to seed length); flush; not within corona, halo, or rim. Lens not discernible. Endosperm absent. Cotyledons smooth; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; completely concealing radicle, or partially concealing radicle; notched at radicle, or split over radicle; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis straight; parallel to length of seed, or perpendicular to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; centered between cotyledons. Plumule rudimentary to well developed; glabrous.
Tribe Detarieae
Bruneau et al. (2000) carried out extensive phylogenetic analyses of tribes Amherstieae and Detarieae. They concluded that they form a single monophyletic group. Therefore, they supported Polhill's (1995a, 1995b) decision to unite the two tribes.
Fruit and seed: C. bijuga Spanoger ex F.A.W. Miquel - top right fruit; C. hemitomophylla (Donnell-Smith) J.N. Rose - top center fruit; C. hostmanniana E.L.R. Tulasne - bottom left seeds in situ; C. ramiflora C. Linnaeus - bottom right seed in situ; C. trinitensis D. Oliver - bottom center fruit, top left seed in situ.
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Fruit and seed: C. bauhiniifolia G. Bentham - 3rd row bottom 1-seeded fruit (L) and 2-seeded fruit (R); C. grandiflora A. Gray - 2nd row top fruit in lateral view; C. inaequifolia A. Gray - 1st row top fruit in lateral view; C. marginata G. Bentham - 2nd row bottom fruit in lateral view; C. retusa Britton & J.N. Rose - 3rd row top fruit; C. spruceana G. Bentham - 1st row bottom fruit in lateral view; C. webberi E.G. Baker - 4th row bottom seed in situ; C. sp. - 4th row top fruit.
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Fruit and seed: C. bauhiniifolia G. Bentham - 4th row bottom seed topographies; C. bourdillonii Gamble - 4th row top fruit in lateral view; C. crassifolia G. Bentham - 5th row top fruit in lateral view; C. hemitomophylla (Donnell-Smith) J.N. Rose - 3rd row top seed topography; C. hostmanniana E.L.R. Tulasne - 1st row top seed topography; C. insularis A.C. Smith - 2nd row top fruit in lateral view; C. marginata G. Bentham - 1st row bottom seed topography; C. trinitensis D. Oliver - 2nd row bottom seed topography; C. webberi E.G. Baker - 3rd row bottom fruit in lateral view, 5th row bottom fruit in side view.
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Seed, cotyledon, embryo, and testa: C. ramiflora C. Linnaeus - top far left cotyledons split and notched and nearly concealing radicle (above) and embryonic axis (below); C. spruceana G. Bentham - top left center cotyledons split and notched and nearly concealing radicle (above) and embryonic axis (below); C. trinitensis D. Oliver - bottom far left cotyledons split and notched and nearly concealing radicle (L) and embryonic axis (R), testa SEMs; C. spp. - bottom left center seeds.
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