Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 1.1.24.
Tribe: Caesalpinieae.
Group: Caesalpinia.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 72 studied; ca. 100 in genus.
Fruit: A legume; unilocular; 1.5–16 cm long; 0.4–5 cm wide; 0.2–3 cm thick; length less than twice as long as width to more than 9 times longer than wide; with deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with deciduous calyx; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; 1-coiled, or 1.5-coiled, or straight; not plicate; not twisted; symmetrical, or asymmetrical; linear to moniliform, or circular to oblong; with 1 straight and 1 curved suture; widest at base to widest near apex; not inflated; flattened to compressed, or subtriangular (rarely); without beak; long tapered at apex to tapered at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit to oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; long tapered at base to short tapered at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit to oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; chartaceous to ligneous; seed chambers externally invisible, or visible; margin constricted, or not constricted; margin constricted along both margins (?); margin with sulcus; margin plain, or embellished (occasionally); margin with ventrally thickened sutural areas, or wing(s); wing(s) present, or absent; wing(s) 1; wing(s) 0.1–15 mm wide; wing(s) sutural; wing(s) on 1 suture; stipitate to nonstipitate; with the stipe 0.6–15 mm long; with all layers dehiscing to indehiscent; splitting along suture(s). Dehiscence of valves along both sutures; active, or passive; with valves twisting (occasionally). Replum invisible. Epicarp dull to glossy; multicolored; mottled, or streaked; brown (in various shades); with black overlay and red overlay, or purple overlay to black overlay; with surface texture uniform; glabrous to pubescent and indurate; with hairs erect; occasionally glandular, or eglandular; with glandular hairs; without spines, or with spines; not smooth; with elevated features, or recessed features; veined, or not veined; longitudinally veined relative to fruit length, or transversely veined relative to fruit length, or reticulately veined; not tuberculate; striate, or lenticular, or subvesicular, or dotted, or glandular dotted, or rugose, or verrucose-rugose, or tuberculate, or warty, or blistered, or papillose, or pusticulate, or scurfy, or shagreen, or scaly, or ribbed; glandularly punctate, or pitted, or punctate; exfoliating, or not exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present, or absent; surface not veined; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; with fibers, or without fibers; without reniform canals; fibrous throughout, or spongy, or mealy, or vitriol, or solid; ligneous to coriaceous. Endocarp present; visible; dull; opaque; monochrome; tan; smooth, or scurfy; without adhering pieces of testa; subseptate to nonseptate; not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; entire. Seed(s) 1–13; length parallel with fruit length, or transverse to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus 0.1–7 mm long; of 1 length only; filiform to thick; straight, or S-curved, or curved, or plicate, or triangular. Aril absent.
Seed: 1.2–25 mm long; 1.3–25 mm wide; 1–25 mm thick; not overgrown; angular, or not angular; symmetrical, or asymmetrical (D-shaped in C. vernalis); linear, or lanceolate, or elliptic, or ovate, or circular, or oblong, or cordate, or triangular, or quadrangular, or rectangular, or D-shaped, or reniform, or irregular, or C-shaped, or trapezoid, or rhombic, or pyriform; terete to flattened; with surface smooth; without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; glossy to dull; not modified by a bloom; colored; monochrome to mottled; black, or brown, or green, or white, or yellow; with black overlay, or brown overlay; glabrous; smooth (?); osseous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines present; concentric, or reticulate. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe visible, or not visible. Hilum present; visible, or fully concealed; concealed by funicular remnant; without faboid split; punctiform, or larger than punctiform; 1 mm long; with curved outline; circular; apical at apex of radicle tip, or subapical to radicle tip; flush to recessed; not within corona, halo, or rim. Lens discernible, or not discernible; 0.1–10 mm long; with margins straight, or curved; oblong, or linear, or triangular, or wedge-shaped, or square, or irregular; elliptic, or circular, or punctiform; not in groove of raphe; mounded to recessed; similar color as testa; lighter than testa, or darker than testa; not within corona, halo, or rim. Endosperm present, or absent; thick; not pluglike and not resembling tip of radicle; adnate to testa to embryo. Cotyledons not smooth; rugose (rarely); both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; partially concealing radicle; notched at radicle; with lobes; with lobes overlapping, or not touching; with basal groin formed by lobes; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis straight; parallel to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; centered between cotyledons. Plumule rudimentary to well developed; glabrous.
Hattink (1974) monographed the Malaysian species, and Vidal and Thol (1976) monographed the Asian species. This genus needs to have a worldwide monograph and is being studied by G.P. Lewis. Seeds of C. bonduc drift in ocean currents (Gunn et al., 1976).
Fruit and seed: C. brevifolia H.E. Baillon - top right center eroded fruit; C. cacalaco Humboldt & Bonpland - bottom left entire fruit; C. coriaria (N.J. von Jacquin) C.L. von Willdenow - top far left entire fruit; C. decapetala (Roth) Alston - bottom right eroded fruit; C. elata J.B.A.P. de M. de Lamarck - top far right seeds in situ; C. ferrea C.F.P. von Martius var. cearensis J.E. Huber - left center entire fruit; C. paucijuga G. Bentham ex Hooker - center fruit in transection; C. viscosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Macbride - top left center entire fruit.
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Fruit and seed: C. arenosa Wiggins - top far left magnified view of glands on fruit, top left center entire fruit; C. bonduc (C. Linnaeus) W. Roxburgh - top center seed topography; C. gilliesii Wallroth - bottom left seed topography; C. sepiaria W. Roxburgh - bottom left center seed topography; C. tinctoria Dombey ex de Candolle - left center entire fruit; C. vernalis Champion ex G. Bentham - top far right seeds; C. viscosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Macbride - bottom right center seed topography; C. spp. - bottom far right and center far right seeds.
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Cotyledon, embryo, and testa: C. bonduc (C. Linnaeus) W. Roxburgh - top left center cotyledon split and basally groined and concealing all but tip of radicle (L) and embryonic axis (R); C. gilliesii Wallroth - testa SEMs, top far left cotyledons notched and investing exposed radicle (L) and embryonic axis (R); C. sepiaria W. Roxburgh - left center cotyledons notched and investing exposed radicle (L) and embryonic axis (R).
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