Hypothenemus

Type species

Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood

Adapted from Wood 1982, p. 875-911

Diagnosis

Hypothenemus can be distinguished from similar Cryphalina by the combined characters of the 3- to 5-segmented antennal funiclefunicle:
the antennal segments located between the scape and the club in some Coleoptera
and the oval clubclub:
the apical segment of the insect antennae that is enlarged or thickened such that it is anatomically differentiated from the preceding segments
with the first suture almost straight and only partly septateseptate:
having a septum or septa
, whereas it is entirely septateseptate:
having a septum or septa
in Procryphalus Hopkins, and the other two are procurvedprocurved:
pertaining to structure (antennae, setae) which is basally perpendicular to the body and whose apical part is curved anteriorly
to slightly bisinuatebisinuate:
displaying two sinuations
. It is also distinguishable by its vestiturevestiture:
a surface covering of scales or setae on the body, wing, or other appendage
of erect and light colored thick bristles.

Description

Species in this genus range from 0.6 to 2.2 mm in length and are from 2.0 to 2.7 times as long as wide. Their color ranges from pale yellowish brown to black. The pronotumpronotum:
the upper or dorsal surface of the first thoracic segment
is usually wider than long with lateral margins with a raised line; the anterior half is asperateasperate:
of a surface or texture which is rough
and its margin armedarmed:
having a sclerotized surface structure, giving a rough texture; may serve as defense
by a series of teeth. The scutellumscutellum:
a shield-like bony plate or scale, as on the thorax of some insects
is large. The declivitydeclivity:
the apical portion of the beetle elytra that slopes downward
is convex and unarmedunarmed:
having no granules, teeth, tubercles, spines, or other protective structures
. The vestiturevestiture:
a surface covering of scales or setae on the body, wing, or other appendage
consists of light and erect bristles. The anterior margin of the compound eye is emarginated. The scapescape:
the first and basal segment of the insect's antennae
is usually longer than their usually 5-segmented funiclefunicle:
the antennal segments located between the scape and the club in some Coleoptera
, which varies from 4-segmented in females of smaller species to 3-segmented in most H. birmanus. In general, males usually have one less segment than females. The ovateovate:
egg shaped, with the narrow end apically
clubclub:
the apical segment of the insect antennae that is enlarged or thickened such that it is anatomically differentiated from the preceding segments
is usually constrictedconstricted:
contracted or compressed at places along the length of a structure
, partly septateseptate:
having a septum or septa
at the first suture which is straight, and has one or two more suturessutures:
a seam or seam-like line of contact between two sclerites or hardened body parts immovably connected
which are procurvedprocurved:
pertaining to structure (antennae, setae) which is basally perpendicular to the body and whose apical part is curved anteriorly
to slightly bisinuatebisinuate:
displaying two sinuations
. The procoxaeprocoxae:
extra segment occasionally preceding coxa (hip joint) of the first or anterior pair of legs of arthropods
are contiguouscontiguous:
sharing an edge or boundary; touching
.

Distribution

Worldwide in tropical and subtropicalsubtropical:
descriptive of distribution or occurrence above or below the tropics
areas

World fauna

Number of species: 179, Native species: 14, Introduced species: 11

Established exotic species

Hypothenemus africanus is present in Alabama and Louisiana.

Hypothenemus areccae, H. birmanus, H. brunneus, H. californicus, H. columbi, H. javanus, H. obscurus and H. setosus are present in Florida.

Hypothenemus crudiae is present in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Kansas.

Hypothenemus erectus is present in Texas.

Hosts

Abies, Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Sequoia