Unclear if native or exotic and established
Phiaris siderana (Treitschke) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Olethreutini)
Synonyms: chalybeana (Sericoris), notata (Argyroploce)
Subspecies: aurana (Argyroploce siderana ssp.)
Note: this species is occasionally placed in Celypha or Olethreutes.
FWL: 7.0-8.0 mm
The head and thorax is orange with scattered black scales. The forewing is orange overlaid with patches of black scales and scattered spots and lines of silvery blue. The fringe is black, except for a portion of light orange scales from just below the apexapex:
the point furthest removed from the base or at the end of the costal area 
to the midpoint of the fringe. Males lack a costal fold and possess a hindleg hair pencil. The abdomen and hindwing is dark brown.
Male genitalia are characterized by uncusuncus:
a sclerotized process which is fused to the posterodorsal margin of tergum IX
moderate, wide at base; sociisocii:
a pair of lightly sclerotized setose lobes
semicircular; valvaevalvae:
plural of "valva"
slender, curved, with row of spine-like setae on basal half of dorsaldorsal:
upper, to the top, on the back 
margin. Female genitalia are characterized by large, plate-like sterigmasterigma:
the sclerotized region surrounding the female ostium bursae 
with distinct mesal slit, exposing a deeply notched well-sclerotized ostiumostium:
see ostium bursae 
; and corpus bursaecorpus bursae:
a dilated membranous sac at the anterior end of the bursa copulatrix
with a signumsignum:
a sclerotized projection or patch on the interior of the corpus bursae
present as a small scobinatescobinate:
rasplike
patch.
The following account is summarized from Swatschek (1958)Swatschek (1958):
Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.].
The first instar larva is yellow, before turning dark brown after the first few molts. Final instar with head, prothoracic shieldprothoracic shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the prothorax 
, legs, pinaculapinacula:
flattened sclerotized plates on a caterpillar that bear the setae
dark brown to black; anal combanal comb:
a toothed structure on the last abdominal segment used to eject frass away from the feeding larva; also termed "anal fork" 
with six spines.
Pupae black, except for dark red on ventralventral:
lower, to the bottom, on the under side
surface of abdominal segments.
Phiaris siderana is very similar to several species of Olethreutes, such as O. albiciliana. They are best identified through examination of the genitalia.
The following account is summarized from van Frankenhuyzen (1981)van Frankenhuyzen (1981):
van Frankenhuyzen, A. 1981. Olethreutes siderana Treitschke, 1835 (Lep.: Tortricidae). Entomologische Ber., Amsterdam. 41: 117-119 [In Dutch]..
In the Netherlands, a single generation occurs per year. Overwintering appears to occur in the larval stage. Pupation takes place from late May to early June with adults appearing by mid June and continuing into much of July. Eggs are laid singly, but sometimes in groups of up to five on the undersides of leaves. Eggs hatch in late July and feeding occurs into August. Larvae spin two leaves together and skeletonize them. Overwintering and subsequent pupation occurs between a pair of spun-together undamaged leaves. The exuviae can often be seen in the spring extruding from these leaves following eclosion.
Larvae have been reared from several different families of plants, though they appear to prefer Spiraea (Rosaceae).
| Host plant | Host plant family | Reference(s) |
| Trifolium lupinaster | Fabaceae | Bae 2000a |
| Deutzia crenata | Hydrangeaceae | Kawabe 1982Kawabe 1982: Kawabe, A. 1982. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 62-151. In : Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S., Kawabe, A. (eds.), The Moths of Japan, Part 1: 62-258, Part 2: 158-183.; Bae 2000a |
| Chaenomeles sp. | Rosaceae | Swatschek 1958Swatschek 1958: Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.] |
| Filipendula multijuga | Rosaceae | Kawabe 1982Kawabe 1982: Kawabe, A. 1982. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 62-151. In : Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S., Kawabe, A. (eds.), The Moths of Japan, Part 1: 62-258, Part 2: 158-183.; Bae 2000a |
| Prunus ssiori | Rosaceae | Bae & Sakamaki 1995 |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia var. pilosa | Rosaceae | Bae 2000a |
| Spiraea douglasii | Rosaceae | van Frankenhuyzen 1981van Frankenhuyzen 1981: van Frankenhuyzen, A. 1981. Olethreutes siderana Treitschke, 1835 (Lep.: Tortricidae). Entomologische Ber., Amsterdam. 41: 117-119 [In Dutch].; Powell 2006Powell 2006: Powell, J. A. 2006. Database of Lepidoptera rearing lots, 1960-2005. University of California Berkeley, CA. |
| Spiraea salicifolia | Rosaceae | van Frankenhuyzen 1981van Frankenhuyzen 1981: van Frankenhuyzen, A. 1981. Olethreutes siderana Treitschke, 1835 (Lep.: Tortricidae). Entomologische Ber., Amsterdam. 41: 117-119 [In Dutch]. |
| Spiraea sp. | Rosaceae | Heinrich 1926Heinrich 1926: Heinrich, C. 1926. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamilies Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 132: 1-216. |
| Astilbe microphylla | Saxifragaceae | Kawabe 1982Kawabe 1982: Kawabe, A. 1982. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 62-151. In : Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S., Kawabe, A. (eds.), The Moths of Japan, Part 1: 62-258, Part 2: 158-183.; Bae 2000a |
| Astilbe pedunculata | Saxifragaceae | Kawabe 1982Kawabe 1982: Kawabe, A. 1982. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 62-151. In : Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S., Kawabe, A. (eds.), The Moths of Japan, Part 1: 62-258, Part 2: 158-183.; Bae 2000a |
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Phiaris siderana is broadly distributed across the Palearctic region, occupying much of Europe and extending in range east to Kazakhstan, Siberia, Korea, and Japan. It also occurs in North America where it was described by Walsingham under the name chalybeana and has been treated as a subspecies of siderana (Gilligan et al. 2020bGilligan et al. 2020b:
Gilligan T. M., Brown, J. W., Baixeras, J. 2020b. Immigrant Tortricidae: Holarctic versus Introduced Species in North America. Insects. 11(9): 1-59.). In North America, it has been recorded from California, Montana, British Columbia, and Alberta. It is unclear whether it is native or not.
