Exotic, but established
Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini)
Common names: dark fruit-tree tortrix
Synonyms: cappana (Tortrix), cappata (Tortrix), carpiniana (Tortrix), fasciana (Pyralis), heperana (Tortrix), jamaicana (Teras), padana (Tortrix), pasquayana (Tortrix), rubrana (Tortrix), subclarana (var.), vulpisana (Lozotaenia )
FWL: 8.0-12.0 mm
Adults are medium brown with fasciatefasciate:
a wing pattern that is comprised primarily of transverse bands (fasciae) 
markings and light to medium grayish-brown hindwings. Males lack a forewing costal foldforewing costal fold:
a flap or fold at the base of the forewing that contains specialized sex scales
and notched antennae.
Male genitalia are characterized by a broad, quadrate uncusuncus:
a sclerotized process which is fused to the posterodorsal margin of tergum IX
; rounded valvaevalvae:
plural of "valva"
; and a pistol-shaped phallusphallus:
the male intromittent organ (penis); see "aedeagus" 
. Female genitalia are characterized by a daggar-like signumsignum:
a sclerotized projection or patch on the interior of the corpus bursae
in the corpus bursaecorpus bursae:
a dilated membranous sac at the anterior end of the bursa copulatrix
with a large basal plate.
The following account is summarized from Swatschek (1958)Swatschek (1958):
Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.].
Mature larva approximately 20mm in length; head variably colored from light green to yellowish brown with black laterallateral:
to the side
markings; prothoracic shieldprothoracic shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the prothorax 
green or yellowish brown with black posterolateralposterolateral:
towards the rear and side; posterior and lateral 
markings; body entirely green and unmarked with moderately large pinaculapinacula:
flattened sclerotized plates on a caterpillar that bear the setae
and long setae; anal fork present with 6-8 teeth.
Pandemis heparana can be separated from other Pandemis included on this site by the grayish-brown hindwings and the lack of dark scales on the second abdominal sternite in the male.
The following table lists a combination of wing color and geographic distribution that can be used to identify many Pandemis individuals collected in the U.S.
| Species | Forewing color | Hindwing color | Sex scales on male 2nd abd. segment | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| canadana | medium to dark brown | all gray | present | Maine, Colorado, Wyoming, Southern Canada |
| cerasana | straw to light brown | grayish brown | present | Pacific Northwest, British Columbia; Europe and Asia |
| heparana | medium brown | light to medium grayish brown | absent | Pacific Northwest; Northeastern U.S. and neighboring Canada; Europe and Asia |
| lamprosana | tan to light brown | white to light gray | absent | Eastern U.S. and neighboring Canda, south to Tennessee/North Carolina |
| limitata | straw to medium brown | gray and white | present | Eastern U.S. and neighboring Canda, generally absent in the U.S. west of the Rocky Mtns. |
| pyrusana | straw to medium brown | all white | present | Rocky Mtns. west to California, southern Alberta and British Columbia |
MacKay (1962a) examined several species of Nearctic Pandemis and could find no species-specific larval characters. Diagnostic characters for the genus include: SD2 on A1-8 on same pinaculumpinaculum:
singular of "pinacula"
as SD1; L1 and L2 anterioranterior:
before, to the front, toward the head 
to spiracle on A2-8; SV group on A1,2,7,8,9 usually 3:3:3:2:2; D2s on A8 as far apart as D1s; D1 on A9 on its own pinaculumpinaculum:
singular of "pinacula"; anal setae very long; anal combanal comb:
a toothed structure on the last abdominal segment used to eject frass away from the feeding larva; also termed "anal fork" 
with 6-8 teeth.
The following account is summarized from Bradley et al. (1973).
In Europe, Pandemis heparana completes one or two generations per year. Adults are present June-July for the first generation and August-September for the second generation.
Females deposit eggs in masses on the upper surface of leaves. Larvae feed on leaves and construct a hibernaculum in the second or third instar in which to overwinter. Larvae resume feeding in the spring. Pupation occurs in the final larval feeding site.
Larvae of Pandemis heparana are polyphagous and have been recorded feeding on plants in more than 20 families. This species is considered an occasional orchard pest.
| Host plant | Host plant family | Reference(s) | ||||||
| Acer sp. | Aceraceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Achillea sp. | Asteraceae | Sylven 1958Sylven 1958: Sylven, E. 1958. Studies on fruit leaf tortricids (Lepidoptera), with special reference to the periodicity of the adult moths. Statens Vaxtskyddsanstalt, Meddelanden [Swedish State Plant Protection Institute Contributions] 11: 74, pp. 135-296. Stockholm. |
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| Arctium lappa | Asteraceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Arctium sp. | Asteraceae | Park 1983aPark 1983a: Park, K. T. 1983a. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 592-603, 942-988. In : Shin, Y. S et al. (ed.), Illustrated Flora and Fuana of Korea, 27, Insecta IX. |
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| Artemisia montana | Asteraceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Erigeron annuus | Asteraceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Alnus glutinosa | Betulaceae | Jaros & Spitzer 2002 | ||||||
| Alnus japonica | Betulaceae | Park 1983bPark 1983b: Park, K. T. 1983b. Microlepidoptera of Korea. Insecta Koreana. 3: 8-24. |
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| Alnus sp. | Betulaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Betula platyphylla | Betulaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251.; Park 1983aPark 1983a: Park, K. T. 1983a. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 592-603, 942-988. In : Shin, Y. S et al. (ed.), Illustrated Flora and Fuana of Korea, 27, Insecta IX. |
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| Betula sp. | Betulaceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp. |
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| Carpinus sp. | Betulaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Corylus sp. | Betulaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Anchusa sp. | Boraginaceae | Hannemann 1961Hannemann 1961: Hannemann, H. J. 1961. Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera. I. Die Wickler (s. str.) (Tortricidae). In : Dahl, F. (ed.), Tier. Deut. 48: 1-233. |
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| Humulus sp. | Cannabaceae | Hannemann 1961Hannemann 1961: Hannemann, H. J. 1961. Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera. I. Die Wickler (s. str.) (Tortricidae). In : Dahl, F. (ed.), Tier. Deut. 48: 1-233. |
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| Lonicera periclymenum | Caprifoliaceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp.; Fox 2004Fox 2004: Fox, B. W. 2004. A study of the guild of Lepidoptera foraging on honeysuckle, Lonicera periclymenum L. Entomologistrsquo;s Gazette. 55: 35-43. |
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| Beta vulgaris | Chenopodiaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Cornus controversa | Cornaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Cornus sp. | Cornaceae | LaGasa database 2004LaGasa database 2004: LaGasa database. 2004. Food plant data base and personal communications with E. LaGasa, Washington State Department of Agriculture. |
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| Elaeagnus sp. | Elaeagnaceae | Yasuda 1975Yasuda 1975: Yasuda, T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Part II. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B. 27: 79-251. |
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| Rhododendron mucronulatum | Ericaceae | Park 1983aPark 1983a: Park, K. T. 1983a. Tortricidae and Cochylidae, pp. 592-603, 942-988. In : Shin, Y. S et al. (ed.), Illustrated Flora and Fuana of Korea, 27, Insecta IX. |
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| Vaccinium uliginosum | Host plant table (embedded)
View full screen host table here DistributionPandemis heparana is widely distributed in the Palearctic from Western Europe to Asia. In North America it has been introduced to the Pacific Northwest. The first North American records are from British Columbia in 1978 (Doğanlar & Bierne 1979). It is now also present in the northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada. LinksAdditional photos and a distribution map of this species in North America are available at Moth Photographers Group.
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