Exotic, but established
Cydia nigricana (Frabricius) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Grapholitini)
Common name: pea moth
Synonyms: dandana (Enarmonia), novimundi (Laspeyresia), pisana (Endopisa), proximana (Tortrix), ratifera (Enarmonia), rativera (Laspeyresia), rusticella (Phalaena), tenebricosana (Endopisa), viciana (Endopisa)
Subspecies: asiatica (Siberia)
FWLFWL:
forewing length; the distance from the base of the forewing to the apex, including fringe
: 5.5-7.5 mm
Adults of C. nigricana are predominantly shiny silver-gray, including the head, thorax, and basal two-third of the forewing. The distaldistal:
farthest from body, distant from point of attachment
third of the forewing appears copper-colored towards the apexapex:
the point furthest removed from the base or at the end of the costal area 
under certain lighting conditions. An ocellusocellus:
forewing pattern element - an ovoid region anterior to the tornus; adult head - a simple insect "eye" located dorsal to the compound eye 
is faintly visible in most specimens. Seven pairs of white strigulae are present along the costacosta:
the anterior margin of each wing 
, becoming longer and more distinct towards the apexapex:
the point furthest removed from the base or at the end of the costal area . The male lacks a costacosta:
the anterior margin of each wing fold. The labial palpilabial palpi:
a pair of sensory appendages that project from the lower part of the head; usually covered in scales and three-segmented
are short and upcurved, tightly appressed to the face.
Male genitalia are characterized by absence of uncusuncus:
a sclerotized process which is fused to the posterodorsal margin of tergum IX
and sociisocii:
a pair of lightly sclerotized setose lobes
; valvaevalva:
an appendage flanking the intromittent organ that is used to clasp the female during copulation
are broad, rounded, with a short ventralventral:
lower, to the bottom, on the under side
process near base of cuculluscucullus:
the distal portion of the male valva
. Female genitalia can be distinguished by an elongate ostiumostium:
see ostium bursae 
; short ductus bursaeductus bursae:
a membranous tube connecting the ostium bursae to the corpus bursae
; and two short, thorn-like signasignum:
a sclerotized projection or patch on the interior of the corpus bursae
in the corpus bursaecorpus bursae:
a dilated membranous sac at the anterior end of the bursa copulatrix
.
The following account is summarized from Wright & Geerling (1948) and Swatschek (1958)Swatschek (1958):
Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.].
First instar larvae whitish in color except for a brown head and prothoracic shieldprothoracic shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the prothorax 
; approximately 1-2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide. As it feeds, the larva becomes a dark yellow color. The final instar larva measures between 12 and 14 mm in length.
Several species of Cydia and Grapholita are very similar to Cydia nigricana. Identifications are best made through examination of the genitalia.
The following account is summarized from Wright & Geering (1948).
In Europe, C. nigricana produces a single generation per year. A second partial generation has been reported from Washington state (Hanson & Webster 1936). In the UK, adults eclose from mid-June to early August. Mating and oviposition occurs in the following two weeks. Females lay eggs only on the upper half of the plant and egg distribution appears to be random. Larvae hatch within the next two weeks, depending on temperature. The first instar larva is very active and will wander before boring into a pod. Larvae spend the rest of their development feeding on seeds inside the pod. The final instar is reached between 18 and 30 days after entering the pod. It then exits the pod through a cut hole and descends to the ground to overwinter in the soil. Most larvae overwinter at a depth of 2 inches or less. Pupation occurs May of the following year.
Cydia nigricana is oligophagous on the family Fabaceae, with reports from the following species:
| Host plant | Host plant family | Reference(s) |
| [unspecified] | Fabaceae | Kagan 1969Kagan 1969: Kagan, F. 1969. [Investigations upon the biology and ecology of pea moth - Laspeyresia nigricana Stephens = Grapholita ( Cydia ) nigricana Steph. (Lep., Tortricidae).] Pr. Nauk. Inst. Ochr. Rosl. 11: 87-196 [In Polish]. |
| Lathyrus japonicus | Fabaceae | Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp. |
| Lathyrus odoratus | Fabaceae | Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp.; Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Lathyrus palustris | Fabaceae | Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp. |
| Lathyrus pratensis | Fabaceae | Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp. |
| Lathyrus sp. | Fabaceae | MacKay 1959MacKay 1959: MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 10: 1-338.; Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp.; Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Lupinus sp. | Fabaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Pisum sativum | Fabaceae | Disque 1908Disque 1908: Disque, H. 1908. Versuch einer microlepidopterologischen Botanik. Deutsch Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris. 21: 34-147.; Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp.; Wnuk & Wiech 1985; Malumphy & Robinson 2002 |
| Pisum sp. | Fabaceae | Fluke 1921Fluke 1921: Fluke, C. L. 1921. The pea moth in Wisconsin. Journal of Economic Entomology. 14: 94-98.; Heinrich 1926Heinrich 1926: Heinrich, C. 1926. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamilies Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 132: 1-216.; MacKay 1959MacKay 1959: MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 10: 1-338.; Miller 1987aMiller 1987a: Miller, W. E. 1987a. Guide to the Olethreutine moths of midland North America (Tortricidae). USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 660: 1-104. |
| Vicia cracca | Fabaceae | Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp. |
| Vicia faba | Fabaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Vicia sativa | Fabaceae | Bovey 1966Bovey 1966: Bovey, P. 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, pp. 456-893. In : Balachowsky, A. S. (ed.), Entomologie appliqueacute;e a lrsquo;agriculture. Volume 2 (1), Lepidoptegrave;res. Mason amp; Cie, Paris. 1057 pp. |
| Vicia sp. | Fabaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
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Cydia nigricana is broadly distributed throughout Europe, Russia, and Asia Minor. It was accidentally introduced to North America in eastern Canada in 1893 and again in British Columbia in 1933. It is now widespread across Canada and the northern United States. A cryptic species may also occur under this name in parts of Canada and the United States (Gilligan et al. 2020bGilligan et al. 2020b:
Gilligan T. M., Brown, J. W., Baixeras, J. 2020b. Immigrant Tortricidae: Holarctic versus Introduced Species in North America. Insects. 11(9): 1-59.). It has been reported from Barbados (Schotman 1989Schotman 1989:
Schotman, C. Y. L. 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21. 80 pp.), but this is likely an error.
