Exotic, but established
Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini)
Common names: carnation tortrix, European carnation moth
Synonyms: ambustana (Tortrix), hermineana (Tortrix), insolatana (Tortrix), perochreana (Tortrix)
FWLFWL:
forewing length; the distance from the base of the forewing to the apex, including fringe
: 6.5-8.5 mm (males); 7.5-11.5 mm (females)
Forewings are orangish brown to dark brown. A dark-brown median fasciafascia:
a dark transverse band on the forewing
is usually expressed in males while females are lighter with dark reticulationsreticulations:
covered with a network of lines or mesh; in reference to wing pattern, usually thin horizontal lines 
. The hindwings in both sexes are a distinctive bright orange and black, although many females lack black scaling on the hindwings. Males lack a forewing costal foldforewing costal fold:
a flap or fold at the base of the forewing that contains specialized sex scales
.
Male genitalia are characterized by an apically widened uncusuncus:
a sclerotized process which is fused to the posterodorsal margin of tergum IX
; reduced sociisocii:
a pair of lightly sclerotized setose lobes
; and short, triangular valvaevalva:
an appendage flanking the intromittent organ that is used to clasp the female during copulation
with a distinctive sacculus. Female genitalia are characterized by a long, straight ductus bursaeductus bursae:
a membranous tube connecting the ostium bursae to the corpus bursae
with a cestumcestum:
a long, bandlike sclerotization of the wall of the ductus bursae
; and a signumsignum:
a sclerotized projection or patch on the interior of the corpus bursae
present as a sclerotizedsclerotized:
hardened; usually in reference to larval structures or adult genitalia 
, circular patch in the corpus bursaecorpus bursae:
a dilated membranous sac at the anterior end of the bursa copulatrix
.
The following account is summarized from Fisher (1924)Fisher (1924):
Fisher, R. C. 1924. The life-history and habits of Tortrix pronubana , Hb. with special reference to the larval and pupal stages. Annals of Applied Biology. 11(3): 395-447. and Swatschek (1958)Swatschek (1958):
Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.].
Mature larva 15-20 mm in length; larvae are green to dark green with conspicuous light green pinaculapinaculum:
flattened sclerotized plates on a caterpillar that bear the setae
, white setae, and dark brown to black spiracles. The head is green to yellowish brown with a dark brown to black posterolateralposterolateral:
towards the rear and side; posterior and lateral 
dashdash:
a short, sharp, black line on the forewing 
and variable dark brown to black markings on the posteriorposterior:
after, to the rear, toward anal end 
margin. The prothoracic shieldprothoracic shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the prothorax 
is brownish green to yellowish brown, usually with distinctive dark brown to black markings on the posterolateralposterolateral:
towards the rear and side; posterior and lateral corners and other small markings near the mid-dorsal line. Thoracic legs are brown. The anal shieldanal shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the last abdominal segment (in larvae) 
is variably mottledmottled:
having spots or blotches of color
with brown or black, and an anal combanal comb:
a toothed structure on the last abdominal segment used to eject frass away from the feeding larva; also termed "anal fork" 
is present with 6 teeth in most individuals.
Males have been captured in pheromone traps using pheromones from several other species, including Clepsis spectrana, Pandemis heparana, and Adoxophyes orana. Individuals of Cacoecimorpha pronubana can be separated from most other tortricids by their bright orange and black hindwings as well as the distinctive genitalia of both sexes.
The following account is summarized from Fisher (1924)Fisher (1924):
Fisher, R. C. 1924. The life-history and habits of Tortrix pronubana , Hb. with special reference to the larval and pupal stages. Annals of Applied Biology. 11(3): 395-447. and Bradley et al. (1973).
The number of generations per year varies from two generations in northern regions to 4-6 continuously overlapping generations in southern regions, where adults may be present year round. In Washington, adults are present in May through the end of September.
Females deposit eggs in small groups. First instar larvae mine leaves or buds, while later instars roll or web leaves and terminals. Larvae may cause damage to fruit by webbing leaves to fruit or feeding between adjacent fruits. In areas where there are not continuous generations, overwintering occurs in the larval stage.
Males fly during the day or early evening and have been observed "swarming" around sources of the female pheromone, sometimes in large numbers.
Cacoecimorpha pronubana larvae are highly polyphagous and have been recorded from more than 160 species of plants in 42 families. As its common name would suggest, this species is most often encountered as a pest of flowers in greenhouses, although the following partial host list includes many other economically important crops.
| Host plant | Host plant family | Reference(s) |
| Aegopodium podagraria | Apiaceae | Allen 1992Allen 1992: Allen, A. A. 1992. Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Huuml;bner) (Lep., Tortricidae) bred from flowers and seed-head of Aegopodium . Entomologistrsquo;s Record and Journal of Variation. 104(11-12): 288. |
| [unspecified] | Apocynaceae | BMNH collectionBMNH collection: BMNH collection. Based on identified reared specimens in the collection of The Natural History Museum, London; identifications by staff of the Lepidoptera Section. |
| Vinca sp. | Apocynaceae | Dugdale et al. 2005Dugdale et al. 2005: Dugdale, J. S., Gleeson, D., Clunie, L. H., Holder, P. W. 2005. A diagnostic guide to Tortricidae encountered in field surveys and quarantine inspections in New Zealand: Morphological and molecular characters. National Plant Pest Reference Laboratory. 161 pp. |
| Aster sp. | Asteraceae | Meyrick MS 1938Meyrick MS 1938: Meyrick MS 1938. Unpublished manuscript by E. Meyrick at BMNH, data captured by Gaeden Robinson. |
| Hieracium sp. | Asteraceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp. |
| Brassica oleracea | Brassicaceae | Wyoski and Izhar 1976Wyoski and Izhar 1976: Wyoski, M., Izhar, Y. 1976. The carnation leaf-roller Cacoecimorpha (Cacoecia) pronubana Huebner (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on avocado trees in Israel. California Avocado Society Yearbook. 60: 92-95. |
| Brassica sp. | Brassicaceae | Gardiner 1982Gardiner 1982: Gardiner, B. O. C. 1982. Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: Tortricidae) successfully reared on artificial diet, with a note on its diapause requirements. Entomologistrsquo;s Record and Journal of Variation. 94: 122-123. |
| Dianthus sp. | Caryophyllaceae | Meyrick MS 1938Meyrick MS 1938: Meyrick MS 1938. Unpublished manuscript by E. Meyrick at BMNH, data captured by Gaeden Robinson.; Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp. |
| Euonymus japonicus | Celastraceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp.; Emmet 1992Emmet 1992: Emmet, A.M. 1992. Life history and habits of the British Lepidoptera. Pp. 61-300. In : Emmet, A.M., Heath, J. (eds.), The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 7. 400 pp., Harley Books, Colchester.; Nielsen 1993Nielsen 1993: Nielsen, F. J. 1993. Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hb. Found in Denmark. Lepidoptera (Copenhagen). 6: 148-150 [In Danish]. |
| Euonymus sp. | Celastraceae | Meyrick MS 1938Meyrick MS 1938: Meyrick MS 1938. Unpublished manuscript by E. Meyrick at BMNH, data captured by Gaeden Robinson. |
| Chamaecyparis pistifera | Cupressaceae | Allen 1987Allen 1987: Allen, A. A. 1987. Food plants of Cacoecimorpha pronubana Huuml;bn. Entomologistrsquo;s Record and Journal of Variation. 99(7-8): 152. |
| Cupressocyparis leylandii | Cupressaceae | Sokoloff 1983Sokoloff 1983: Sokoloff, P. 1983. Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on conifers. Entomologistrsquo;s Gazette. 34: 124. |
| Juniperus scopulorum | Cupressaceae | USDA/APHIS interception |
| Hippophae rhamnoides | Elaeagnaceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp. |
| Arbutus sp. | Ericaceae | Meyrick MS 1938Meyrick MS 1938: Meyrick MS 1938. Unpublished manuscript by E. Meyrick at BMNH, data captured by Gaeden Robinson. |
| Rhododendron sp. | Ericaceae | Heungens & van Daele 1981 |
| Vaccinium corymbosum | Ericaceae | Easterbrooke 1986Easterbrooke 1986: Easterbrooke, M. A. 1986. Damage to blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum ) by Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Huuml;bner). Entomologistrsquo;s Record and Journal of Variation. 98: 218. |
| Vaccinium sp. | Ericaceae | Calvo & Molina 2003 |
| Euphorbia amygdaloides | Euphorbiaceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp. |
| Robinia pseudoacacia | Fabaceae | Bradley et al. 1973Bradley et al. 1973: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp. |
| Trifolium sp. | Fabaceae | Wyoski and Izhar 1976Wyoski and Izhar 1976: Wyoski, M., Izhar, Y. 1976. The carnation leaf-roller Cacoecimorpha (Cacoecia) pronubana Huebner (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on avocado trees in Israel. California Avocado Society Yearbook. 60: 92-95. |
View full screen host table here
Cacoecimorpha pronubana is native to Northern Africa, Europe, and Asia Minor. It has been introduced into South Africa, Argentina and North America, where it is present in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington). In early 2011 this species was discovered in California feeding on Daphne odora (winter daphne).
Fig. 8: H. Dumas
