Hololena nedra
adult female, live |
adult male, live |
female genitalia; epigynum |
male genitalia; palp, lateral view |
male genitalia; palp, ventral view |
grape size comparison with adult spiders; male (left), female (right) |
spiderlings emerging from egg sac |
spiderlings, live |
spiderlings, dead; dorsal view (left), ventral (right) |
egg sac with scale (cm) |
egg sac |
diagnostic feature; 2-4-2 eye pattern |
Current valid name
Hololena nedra Chamberlin and Ivie (family Agelenidae)
Recognition and diagnostic features
Wide brown stripe on dorsal surface of abdomen, 2-4-2 eye pattern.
Related or similar species
Pardosa ramulosa, Schizocosa mccooki
Spider
Body lengths when mature: male: 8 - 11.1 mm, female: 7.6 - 13 mm
Immatures resemble miniature adults.
Egg sac
Description: flat bottomed dome almost circular in circumference, often completely covered with vegetative detritus, never laid in grape bunches, always on bark, 8.26 ± 2.6 mm wide, 9.7 ± 3.2 mm long
Number of eggs per sac: 24.1 ± 9.6
Size of egg: 1.10 ± 0.06 mm
Time of year eggs are likely to be laid: most of the eggs are laid early in the year before most grapes are harvested, hatching out by mid-April
Distribution
In California: Central Valley and northern counties
Elsewhere: Oregon, Washington
Native to North America
This species has not been transported or become established outside of its range.
Biology
Web weaving spider, makes a trampoline-like web with a retreat emanating from a hole or other secluded cavity. Covers grape bunches with silk that is difficult to remove, causing field workers to leave bunches on the vine
Status in table grapes
Level of Incidence: common
Level of Concern in New Zealand: WPNZ (May 2010) nr, BORIC (Dec 2011) nr (not listed), MAF-BPRA (2002) nr (coding definition)
Level of Concern in Australia: WPAU (2006) nr (coding definition)
Level of Medical importance: none, however, adults are large enough to pierce skin with a bite if they get a chance
Common name
None for species, funnel weavers for family
Taxonomic history
Stable
Selected references
Chamberlin, R. V., and W. Ivie. 1942. Agelenidae of the genera Hololena, Novalena, Rualena, and Melpomene. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 35:203-241.