Zapoteca

Taxonomy

Zapoteca H.M. Hernández Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 757. 30 Mar 1987 ('1986').

Subfamily: Mimosoideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 2.5.10.
Tribe: Ingeae.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 3 studied; 19 in genus.

Description

Fruit: A legumelegume:
usually dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along two longitudinal sutures
; unilocular; 3.5–24 cm long (Hernández, 1986, 1989, 1990; Hernández and Hanan-Alipi, 1998); 0.7–1.2 cm wide (Hernández, 1986, 1989, 1990; Hernández and Hanan-Alipi, 1998); 0.2–0.4 cm thick; 2–9 times longer than wide, or more than 9 times longer than wide; with deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with deciduous calyx; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight to curved (rarely); not plicate; not twisted; symmetrical; linear; not inflated; plano- compressed (with margins thickened); without beak; rounded at apex to tapered at apex (sometimes rostrate), or truncate at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit, or oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit (rarely); long tapered at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; membranous to coriaceous; seed chambers externally visible; seed chambers with the raised seed chambers not torulose; margin not constricted, or constricted; margin constricted along both margins; margin without sulcus; margin embellished; margin with thickened sutural areas; wing(s) absent; nonstipitate; with all layers dehiscing; splitting along suture(s). Dehiscence of valves along both sutures; apical and down; active; with valves reflexing. Replum invisible. Epicarp dull; monochrome; black, or tan; with surface texture uniform; glabrous, or glabrate, or pubescent and indurate; with hairs erect; with 1 type of pubescence; densely villous, or puberulent, or pilose (to densely pilose); with pubescence brown, or tan; with pubescence uniformly distributed; with simple hairs; pliable; with hair bases plain; eglandular; without spines; smooth, or not smooth; with elevated features; not veined, or veined; reticulately veined; not tuberculate; wrinkled; not exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; visible; dull; opaque; monochrome; brown, or tan; smooth; without adhering pieces of testa; subseptate; with septa thin (tissue paper-like), flexible; with septa eglandular; chartaceous; not exfoliating; remaining fused to epicarp; without wings; entire. Seed(s) 8–12; length parallel with fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus 2–3 mm long; of 1 length only; thick; triangular. Aril absent.

Seed: 3.5–14 mm long (Hernández, 1986, 1989, 1990; Hernández and Hanan-Alipi, 1998); 3–6 mm wide (Hernández, 1986, 1989, 1990; Hernández and Hanan-Alipi, 1998); 1.7–3 mm thick; not overgrown; not angular; symmetrical; ovate to rhombic, or elliptic (rarely, Hernández, 1986, 1989, 1990; Hernández and Hanan-Alipi, 1998); flattened; with surface smooth; without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; dull; not modified by a bloom; colored; mottled, or bichrome (the areola a lighter color than the rest of testa), or monochrome (rarely); with frequent mottles; brown (or dark brown), or black, or gray; with light brown overlay; glabrous; smooth; chartaceous. Pleurogram present (irregular (usually X-shaped) or regular (usually elliptic or oblong), rarely demarcated by a dark line), or absent (only Z. amazonica (G. Bentham) H.M. Hernández); 90–95 %. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe not visible. Hilum present; fully concealed; concealed by funicular remnant; without faboid split (assumed); punctiform, or larger than punctiform; 0.2–0.4 mm long; with curved outline; elliptic; apical at apex of radicle tip; flush; within corona (within same corona as lens), or not within corona, halo, or rim; corona color darker than testa. Lens discernible; 0.2–0.4 mm long; with margins curved; key-hole shaped, or ovate, or elliptic; not in groove of raphe; adjacent to hilum; 0.1–0.2 mm from hilum; flush; dissimilar color from testa; lighter than testa; white; within corona (within same corona as hilum), or not within corona, halo, or rim; corona color darker than testa. Endosperm present; trace; not pluglike and not resembling tip of radicle; restricted to region of embryo; adnate to testa. Cotyledons smooth; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; partially concealing radicle; split over radicle; without lobes; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; tan; inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis parallel; parallel to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; linear; lobe tip straight; straight with embryonic axis; centered between cotyledons; 1/2 to nearly length of cotyledons. Plumule well developed; glabrous.

Distribution

Southwestern United States (Southern Arizona and southwestern Texas), Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America as far as northern Argentina.

New World; southwestern (southern Arizona and southwestern Texas) United States, West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and South America; Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, and the Guianas.

Generic Notes

Data were extracted from HernÁndez (1986, 1989, 1990; Hernández and Hanan-Alipi, 1998), and his species number and distribution were used. The thickened fruit valves of Zapoteca resemble those of Calliandra (2.5.09).