Tipuana

Taxonomy

Tipuana (G. Bentham) G. Bentham J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 Suppl.: 72. 7 Mar 1860.

Subfamily: Faboideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 3.4.13.
Tribe: Dalbergieae.
Group: Dalbergia.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 1 studied; 1 in genus.

Description

Fruit: A legumelegume:
usually dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along two longitudinal sutures
; unilocular; 4.5–8 cm long; 2–3.2 cm wide; 0.7–1 cm thick; 2–9 times longer than wide; with deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with persistent calyx, or deciduous calyx; with calyx shorter than fruit; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight, or curved (slightly); not plicate; not twisted; asymmetrical; samaroid; with both sutures unequally curved; not inflated; seed chamber compressed and flattened (wing); without beak; rounded at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; rounded at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; seed chamber ligneous and membranous (wing); seed chambers externally visible; seed chambers with the raised seed chambers not torulose; margin not constricted; margin without sulcus; margin embellished; margin with wing(s) (often eroded); wing(s) present; wing(s) 1; wing(s) 40–60 mm wide; wing(s) samaroid; wing(s) on 1 suture; stipitate; with the stipe 10 mm long; indehiscent. Replum invisible. Epicarp dull; monochrome; brown (brown to reddish); with surface texture uniform; glabrous, or pubescent but soon deciduous, or pubescent and indurate; with hairs appressed; with 1 type of pubescence; with pubescence golden; with pubescence uniformly distributed; with simple hairs; pliable; with hair bases plain; eglandular; without spines; not smooth; with elevated features; veined; reticulately veined; not tuberculate; not exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present; thick (seed chamber), or thin (wing area); surface uniformly veined; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; with fibers; without reniform canals; ligneous. Endocarp present; visible; dull; opaque; mottled and streaked; brown; with mottling over seed chambers; with black overlay; smooth; without adhering pieces of testa; septate, or nonseptate; with septa thicker than paper, firm; with septa eglandular; chartaceous; not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; with wing(s) extending into epicarp; entire. Seed(s) 1–4; length transverse to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus of 1 length only; filiform; S-curved. Aril absent.

Seed: 8 mm long; 3 mm wide; 1.5 mm thick; not overgrown; not angular; asymmetrical; reniform; compressed; with surface grooved (1 groove); longitudinal; with visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without external groove between radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; dull; not modified by a bloom; colored; monochrome; brown (reddish); glabrous; not smooth; with recessed features; grooved (1 on each face); chartaceous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe visible; from hilum to near base of seed and terminating; not bifurcating; darker than testa; brown (reddish); raised. Hilum present; fully concealed; concealed by funiculus; without faboid split; punctiform; between cotyledon and radicle lobe; flush; within rim; rim color darker than testa. Lens not discernible. Endosperm absent. Cotyledons smooth; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; partially concealing radicle (concealing margins of radicle); entire over radicle; without lobes; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed, or with margin(s) recessed (somewhat); tan; inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis deflexed; oblique to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; linear; oblique to cotyledons; centered between cotyledons; less than 1/2 length of cotyledons. Plumule rudimentary, or moderately developed; glabrous.

Distribution

Bolivia to northwestern Argentina.

New World; South America (Bolivia to northwestern Argentina); Argentina and Brazil.

Generic Notes

Rudd (1974) presented an overview of this genus.

Tribal Notes

Tribe Dalbergieae

Lima (1989) analyzed the morphological characters of fruits, seeds and seedlings of the tribe and his characters and illustrations were used as a much appreciated source of accurate data. He also discussed the phylogeny of the tribe. Sousa and Sousa (1981) provided data to support their conclusion that the New World Lonchocarpinae be considered for tribal status: A segregate of the Dalbergieae. Hauman (1954) provided data on the Dalbergieae of Central Africa, and Lock (1989) listed the Dalbergieae for all of Africa. Thothathri (1986) reviewed the taxonomic status and systematic position of Asiatic Dalbergieae, and monographed tribe Dalbergieae for the Indian subcontinent (Thothathri, 1987). Morphological (Lima 1989) and molecular (Doyle et al. 1997) evidence has indicated that tribe Dalbergieae is polyphyletic.