Lupinus

Taxonomy

Lupinus C. Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 721. 1 Mai 1753.

Subfamily: Faboideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 3.30.08.
Tribe: Genisteae.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 75 studied; 200 in genus.

Description

Fruit: A legume; unilocular; 2–9 cm long; 0.3–2 cm wide; 0.18–0.8 cm thick; 2–9 times longer than wide; with persistent androecial sheath, or deciduous androecial sheath; with persistent corolla, or deciduous corolla; with various petals; with persistent calyx; with calyx shorter than fruit; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight; not plicate; not twisted; asymmetrical, or symmetrical; oblong, or ovate; with both sutures nearly straight; not inflated; compressed, or terete, or flattened; without beak; short tapered at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; long tapered at base, or short tapered at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; coriaceous, or membranous, or chartaceous, or ligneous; seed chambers externally visible, or invisible; seed chambers with the raised seed chambers not torulose; margin not constricted; margin without sulcus; margin plain; wing(s) absent; substipitate, or nonstipitate; with all layers dehiscing; splitting along suture(s). Dehiscence of valves along both sutures; apical and down; active; with valves twisting. Replum invisible. Epicarp dull, or glossy; monochrome, or multicolored; mottled; brown to dark reddish brown; with black overlay; with surface texture uniform; pubescent and indurate, or glabrous, or pubescent but soon deciduous; with hairs erect; with 1 type of pubescence; tomentose, or villous, or puberulent; with pubescence golden, or gray; with pubescence uniformly distributed; with simple hairs; pliable; with hair bases plain; eglandular; without spines; not smooth; with elevated features; veined; reticulately veined; not tuberculate; not exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present; thin; surface not veined; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; without fibers; without reniform canals; solid; coriaceous, or ligneous (sub), or chartaceous. Endocarp present; visible; dull, or glossy; opaque; monochrome; brown, or tan; spongy; without adhering pieces of testa; septate, or subseptate, or nonseptate; with septa thicker than paper, firm; with septa eglandular; chartaceous; not exfoliating, or exfoliating in part; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; without wings; entire. Seed(s) 1–15; length parallel with fruit length, or transverse to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching, or touching; in 2 or more series. Funiculus of 1 length only; thick, or triangular; straight, or curved. Aril absent, or present; dry; when dry rim-aril; entire; white.

Seed: 1.5–9 mm long; 1.5–8 mm wide; 1–5 mm thick; not overgrown; not angular, or angular; asymmetrical; ovate, or circular, or oblong, or quadrangular; compressed; with surface smooth; without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; dull, or glossy; not modified by a bloom; colored, or clear; monochrome, or mottled and streaked, or bichrome (ivory and reddish-brown); with frequent mottles; with frequent streaks; dark reddish brown, or cream, or tan, or white, or gray (to bluish), or pink, or blue; with brown overlay, or gray overlay (to bluish), or red overlay, or black overlay; glabrous; smooth, or not smooth; with elevated features, or recessed features; wrinkled, or shagreen, or rugose; concaved; coriaceous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe not visible, or visible; from hilum to lens, or hilum through lens and terminating before base of seed; not bifurcating; color of testa, or darker than testa; reddish brown; recessed. Hilum present; visible, or partially concealed; concealed by funicular remnant; with faboid split; with the lips of the faboid split the same color as the rest of the hilum, or lighter colored than the rest of the hilum and therefore conspicuous; larger than punctiform; 0.3–2 mm long; with angular outline, or curved outline, or straight outline; circular, or oval; wedge-shaped, or triangular (more or less); oblong; subapical to radicle tip, or marginal according to radicle tip; recessed; not within corona, halo, or rim, or within rim, or within halo; halo of testa, or lighter than testa; rim color of testa. Lens discernible, or not discernible; 0.5–3 mm long; with margins curved; circular (often with linear center), or elliptic; not in groove of raphe, or in groove of raphe; adjacent to hilum; 0.1–3 mm from hilum; mounded; dissimilar color from testa; lighter than testa, or darker than testa; reddish tan, or black; not within corona, halo, or rim, or within rim (its own); rim color of testa. Endosperm present; thin; not pluglike and not resembling tip of radicle; covering entire embryo; adnate to testa. Cotyledons smooth; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; not concealing radicle; split over radicle; with lobes; with lobes not touching; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle, or in radicle tissue; without margins recessed; tan; inner face flat, or wrinkled; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis deflexed; oblique to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; linear, or triangular; lobe tip straight; deflexed and parallel to cotyledon length; centered between cotyledons; less than 1/2 length of cotyledons, or 1/2 to nearly length of cotyledons, or equaling length of cotyledons. Plumule rudimentary, or moderately developed, or well developed; glabrous.

Distribution

New World, Mediterranean region, tropical highlands of Africa, and naturalized elsewhere.

New World to Old World; pan warm temperate; Alaska to Canada to United States to West Indies to Mexico to Central America to South America; Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and the Guianas; Europe to Mediterranean to Africa to Macaronesia to Russia to China (Africa (tropical highlands)).

Worldwide crop.
 

Generic Notes

Cristofolini and Chiapella (1977) studied the water-soluble seed proteins of 45 species of Lupinus. Phillips (1955) monographed the perennial lupine species of North America, and Dunn and Gillett (1966) monographed the taxa in Canada. Heyn and Herrnstadt (1977) studied the testae of Old World species. Lawson (1982) edited an overview of the agronomic value, liability, and problems in growing Lupinus species in Australia. Summerfield and Roberts (1985b) also reported on the economic value of the genus. Plitmann (1981) traced the evolutionary history of the Old World lupines. Aniszewski et al. (2001) studied the seed number, size, and testa variability of more than 20,000 seeds of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the Washington lupin, and found variation in seed number, size, and testa characteristics.

Tribal Notes

Tribe Genisteae

Traditionally this tribe has been called Genisteae. Reveal (1997) reported that the name Cytiseae was published before the name Genisteae. Following the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al., 1994), the oldest name for a taxon must be used, so Reveal suggested that this tribe should be called Cytiseae. In 1999 Reveal (1999) reversed himself, so that this tribe remains the Genisteae. Bisby (1981) summarized tribe Genisteae, following the excellent study by Polhill (1976). Bisby correctly noted that "many species have been moved from one genus to another several times and the Cytisus-Genista complex has gained a reputation as a critical group." He continued with an indepth analysis of the tribe. Polhill (1994a, 1994b) and Van Wyk and Schutte (1995a), using chemical and morphological characters, transferred five genera from Crotalarieae (27) to Genisteae: Anarthrophyllum (30.06), Argyrolobium (30.03), Dichilus (30.02), Melolobium, and Sellocharis (30.07). Cristofolini (1997) carried out a cladistic study of the tribe's biogeography, and discussed its early evolutionary history. López et al. (2000) studied the species of this tribe occurring in southwestern Spain and presented detailed descriptions for and a key to them.