Chapmannia

Taxonomy

Chapmannia J. Torrey & A. Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1: 355. Oct 1838.

Subfamily: Faboideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 3.14.24.
Tribe: Aeschynomeneae.
Subtribe: Stylosanthinae.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 3 studied; 7 in genus.

Description

Fruit: A loment (or a loment segment); 1–3 cm long; 0.25–1 cm wide; 0.15–0.37 cm thick; 2–9 times longer than wide; with deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with deciduous calyx; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight to curved (slightly and rarely); not plicate; not twisted; asymmetrical to symmetrical; more or less linear, or oblong, or irregular; with 1 straight and 1 curved suture, or both sutures parallelly curved, or both sutures nearly straight, or both sutures unequally curved; more or less widest near middle or D-shaped; not inflated; terete to flattened; without beak, or with beak (1–5 mm long); straight; with solid beak the same color and texture as fruit; long tapered at apex, or rounded at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit, or oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; rounded at base, or short tapered at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit, or oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; coriaceous, or ligneous; seed chambers externally visible, or invisible; seed chambers with the raised seed chambers not torulose; margin constricted, or not constricted; margin constricted along both margins to slightly constricted along both margins; margin without sulcus, or with sulcus (broad shallow depression on 1 face); margin plain; wing(s) absent; nonstipitate; indehiscent. Replum invisible. Loment an intact article; indehiscent; segments (articles) conspicuous (with 1–5(-6)), or inconspicuous; segments (articles) 1.8–10 mm long; segments (articles) widest across seed area; segments (articles) with apical 1 different shape than middle one(s), or basal 1 different shape than middle one(s), or all essentially similar in shape; segments (articles) more or less oblong, or triangular. Epicarp dull; monochrome; brown (or dirty brown); with surface texture uniform; pubescent but soon deciduous, or pubescent and indurate, or glabrate; with hairs erect, or appressed; with 1 type of pubescence; villous, or puberulent; with pubescence red (brownish and turning brown at maturity), or brown, or golden; with pubescence uniformly distributed; with simple hairs, or simple hairs and glandular hairs; pliable; with hair bases plain, or swollen; eglandular, or glandular; with glandular hairs (reddish turning brown on maturation); without spines; not smooth; with elevated features; veined; longitudinally veined relative to fruit length (2–4 veins on each valve), or reticulately veined (interstices); not tuberculate; not exfoliating; without cracks (or 2–3 prominent veins on each valve); without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present (in Chapmannia gracilis (Balf.f.) Thulin, mesocarp spongy according to Balfour (1888) who labelled it endocarp); thick; surface not veined; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; without fibers; without reniform canals; solid; coriaceous, or ligneous (sub). Endocarp present; visible; glossy, or dull; opaque; monochrome; white (ish), or tan; smooth; without adhering pieces of testa; septate; with septa thicker than paper, firm; with septa eglandular; chartaceous, or ligneous (sub); not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; without wings; entire. Seed(s) 1–6; length parallel with fruit length, or oblique to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus of 1 length only; thick, or filiform; straight. Aril absent, or present (in Chapmannia prismatica (Sessé & Mociño) Thulin); dry; when dry rim-aril (in Chapmannia prismatica (Sessé & Mociño) Thulin); entire; covering less than 1/2 of seed; without tongue (or flap) on lips of 2-lipped rim-aril; tan.

Seed: 3–4 mm long; 1.8–2.5 mm wide; 0.9–2 mm thick; not overgrown; not angular; asymmetrical; oblong (with radicle end tapered), or rhombic, or rectangular (ovate), or elliptic; terete to flattened; with visible radicle and cotyledon lobes, or without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without external groove between radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; nearly glossy; not modified by a bloom; colored; monochrome; yellow, or tan (to yellowish tan), or brown; glabrous; not smooth, or smooth; with elevated features; wrinkled; chartaceous, or coriaceous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe visible; from hilum to near base of seed and terminating, or hilum through lens to base of seed and terminating; not bifurcating; color of testa, or darker than testa; brown; raised, or flush. Hilum present; fully concealed, or visible; concealed by funicular remnant; without faboid split, or with faboid split; with the lips of the faboid split the same color as the rest of the hilum; punctiform to larger than punctiform; ca. 0.4 mm long; with curved outline; elliptic; between cotyledon and radicle lobe, or subapical to radicle tip; flush; within halo, or not within corona, halo, or rim; halo of testa, or darker than testa. Lens not discernible, or discernible; with margins straight; wedge-shaped; not in groove of raphe; adjacent to hilum; mounded; dissimilar color from testa; darker than testa; dark brown; not within corona, halo, or rim. Endosperm absent. Cotyledons smooth; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; nearly completely concealing radicle, or partially concealing radicle; split over radicle; with lobes; with lobes touching (auriculate), or overlapping; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; tan; inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis oblique; oblique to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; nearly bulbose, or linear; lobe tip curved, or straight; oblique to cotyledons; centered between cotyledons; less than 1/2 length of cotyledons. Plumule moderately developed; glabrous.

Distribution

United States (Florida), southern Mexico, Gualemala, Venezuela, central Somalia, and Socotra.

New World and Old World; United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America (Florida, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela); Africa (central Somalia and Socotra).

Generic Notes

Gunn et al. (1980) monographed the genus, sensu stricto, when it was monotypic and contained only the single species C. floridana Torr. & A. Gray. Thulin (1999) transformed Chapmannia into a widely disjunct genus by synonymizing it with Arhtrocarpum Balfour (3.14.22) and Pachecoa Standl. & Steyerm. (3.14.23). Since Chapmannia is the oldest of the three generic names, it must be used for the expanded genus. The species number and distribution follow Thulin.

Tribal Notes

Tribe Aeschynomeneae

Rudd (1981a) recognized four subtribes of Aeschynomeneae: Ormocarpinae V.E. Rudd (genera 3.14.01–3.14.08), Aeschynomeninae (genera 3.14.09–3.14.16), Discolobinae (A.E. Burkart) V.E. Rudd (genus 3.14.17: Discolobium), Poiretiinae (A.E. Burkart) V.E. Rudd (genera 3.14.18–3.14.21), and Stylosanthinae (G. Bentham) V.E. Rudd (genera 3.14.22–13.4.26). Tribal and subtribal placement of Diphysa is based on Lavin (1987; Polhill, 1994a, 1994b), and not on Polhill and Sousa (1981), who placed Diphysa in Robinieae. Bailey et al. (1997), using the chloroplast rpl2 intron and ORF184, suggested that Brya (11.01), Cranocarpus (11.02), Phylacium (11.22), and Neocollettia (11.26) are not members of Desmodieae (11) and that they probably belong in Aeschynomeneae.