Subfamily: Faboideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 3.25.09.
Tribe: Podalyrieae.
Subtribe: Podalyriinae.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 4–5 studied; 8 in genus.
Fruit: A legume; unilocular; 2.2–14 cm long; 0.5–2.3 cm wide; 1–3 cm thick; 2–9 times longer than wide, or more than 9 times longer than wide; with persistent androecial sheath, or deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with persistent calyx, or deciduous calyx; with calyx shorter than fruit; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight, or curved (slightly); not plicate; not twisted; asymmetrical, or symmetrical; linear, or falcate (slightly); with both sutures parallelly curved; not inflated; flattened; with beak; straight, or hooked; with solid beak the same color and texture as fruit; tapered at apex, or rounded at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit, or oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; long tapered at base, or tapered at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit, or oblique with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; chartaceous to coriaceous (sub); seed chambers externally visible; seed chambers with the raised seed chambers not torulose; margin not constricted; margin without sulcus; margin embellished; margin with wing(s); wing(s) present; wing(s) 1; wing(s) 0.2–2.5 mm wide; wing(s) sutural; wing(s) on 1 suture; stipitate, or substipitate; with the stipe 4–15 mm long; indehiscent. Replum invisible. Epicarp dull; monochrome, or multicolored; mottled; greenish tan; with brown overlay; mottling color combination variable; with surface texture uniform; glabrous, or pubescent and indurate; with hairs erect; with 1 type of pubescence; sparsely strigose; with pubescence golden; with pubescence uniformly distributed; with simple hairs; stiff; with hair bases plain; eglandular; without spines; not smooth; with elevated features; veined; reticulately veined; not tuberculate; sometimes dotted; not exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present, or absent; thin; surface not veined; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; without reniform canals; solid; chartaceous. Endocarp present; visible; glossy; opaque; monochrome; golden tan; smooth; without adhering pieces of testa; nonseptate; chartaceous; not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; remaining fused to epicarp; with wing(s) extending into epicarp; entire. Seed(s) 1–10; length oblique to fruit length, or transverse to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus 1.5–2.5 mm long; of 1 length only; filiform; curved. Aril present; dry; when dry rim-aril; entire; cream, or tan.
Seed: 2.5–10.5 mm long; 2–6.5 mm wide; 1.5–3.5 mm thick; not overgrown; not angular; asymmetrical; elliptic to ovate to irregular; terete, or compressed; with surface smooth; without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; glossy to dull; not modified by a bloom; colored, or clear; monochrome, or mottled; with infrequent mottles; brown, or tan; with brown overlay (darker); glabrous; smooth; chartaceous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Wing(s) absent. Raphe visible, or not visible; from hilum through lens to base of seed and terminating; not bifurcating; darker than testa; brown; flush. Hilum present; partially concealed; concealed by aril; with faboid split; with the lips of the faboid split the same color as the rest of the hilum; larger than punctiform; 0.4–0.6 mm long; with curved outline; circular to elliptic; subapical to radicle tip, or apical according to radicle tip but marginal according to seed length; recessed; within rim; rim color of testa. Lens discernible; 0.5–0.8 mm long; with margins straight; diamond-shaped; not in groove of raphe; adjacent to hilum, or confluent with hilum; 1 mm from hilum; mounded; similar color as testa; lighter than testa, or darker than testa; brown; not within corona, halo, or rim. Endosperm present; thick; not pluglike and not resembling tip of radicle; covering entire embryo; adnate to testa, or embryo. Cotyledons not smooth; apically sulcate; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; not concealing radicle; notched at radicle; without lobes; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; yellow; inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis right angled; parallel to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; linear; lobe tip curved; oblique to cotyledons, or with 90 degree turn; centered between cotyledons; less than 1/2 length of cotyledons. Plumule moderately developed; glabrous.
Brummitt (1967) treated Calpurnia aurea and suggested that the genus has six or seven species. Yakovlev (1971) recognized nine species in the genus. Following cladistic analyses employing morphological, cytological, and chemical data, Schutte and Van Wyk (1998) transferred this genus to tribe Podalyrieae (25). Beaumont et al. (1999) revised the genus for South Africa, recognizing eight species, and maintained the genus in tribe Sophoreae (2). Their species number and distribution have been used.
Tribe Podalyrieae
Van Wyk and Schutte (1995a) considered Liparieae and Podalyrieae to each be monophyletic and Sophoreae (2) to be their sister group. Schutte and Van Wyk (1998a, 1998b), using Crotalarieae (27) as outgroup, found that the genera of Liparieae and Podalyrieae coalesced into two closely related clades with Liparia (25.04) in the Podalyria (25.06) clade. This supported earlier suggestions (Polhill, 1976, 1981n, 1981o; Van Wyk and Schutte, 1995a) that Liparieae and Podalyrieae should be merged. Schutte and Van Wyk (1998a, 1998b) merged the two tribes as Podalyrieae, recognized the two clades as subtribes, Xiphothecinae and Podalyriinae, and erected a monotypic tribe for Hypocalytus (3.26.01), Hypocalypteae (26). The generic enumeration and number of species in each genus follows Schutte and Van Wyk (1998a). Van der Bank et al. (2002) carried out further cladistic analyses using DNA, morphological, and chemical data and confirmed the findings of Van Wyk and Schutte.
Authors: J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, A.L. Weitzman, M.J. Dallwitz, K.R. Thiele
Content last updated April 2003
Released April 2024 on idtools.org
