Calopogonium

Taxonomy

Calopogonium A.N. Desvaux Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 9: 423. Sep 1826.

Subfamily: Faboideae.
Phylogenetic Number: 3.10.45.
Tribe: Phaseoleae.
Subtribe: Glycininae.
Species Studied - Species in Genus: 5 studied; 8 in genus.

Description

Fruit: A legume; unilocular; 1.5–12 cm long; 0.3–1 cm wide; 0.2–0.5 cm thick; 2–9 times longer than wide to more than 9 times longer than wide; with deciduous androecial sheath; with deciduous corolla; with deciduous calyx; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight; not plicate; not twisted; symmetrical; linear; not inflated; compressed; without beak; tapered at apex, or short tapered at apex; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; tapered at base, or truncate at base; aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; chartaceous, or coriaceous; seed chambers externally visible; seed chambers with the raised seed chambers not torulose; margin not constricted; margin plain, or embellished; margin with thickened sutural areas; wing(s) absent; nonstipitate; with all layers dehiscing; splitting along suture(s). Dehiscence of valves along both sutures; apical and down; active; with valves revolute. Replum invisible. Epicarp dull; monochrome, or multicolored; mottled; brown; with brown overlay (darker); mottling color combination variable; with surface texture uniform; pubescent and indurate, or pubescent but soon deciduous; with hairs erect; with 1 type of pubescence; puberulent, or velutinous, or sericeous; with pubescence golden; with pubescence uniformly distributed, or pubescence denser near sutures, sparser centrally; with simple hairs; pliable; with hair bases swollen, or plain; eglandular; smooth, or not smooth; with elevated features; not veined; not tuberculate; dotted; not exfoliating; without cracks; without embedded tissue, much thicker than epicarp, running from base to apex. Mesocarp present; thin; surface not veined; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; without reniform canals; solid; coriaceous, or chartaceous. Endocarp present; visible; dull; opaque; monochrome, or mottled; tan; with mottling over seed chambers; with green overlay; smooth and floury-filamentous; without adhering pieces of testa; septate to subseptate; with septa thin (tissue paper-like), flexible to thicker than paper, firm; with septa eglandular; chartaceous; not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; without wings; entire. Seed(s) 3–11; length parallel with fruit length, or oblique to fruit length; neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus of 1 length only; flattened; straight. Aril present; dry; when dry rim-aril, or tongue-aril, or partial rim-aril; entire, or fimbriate; covering less than 1/2 of seed; cream to tan.

Seed: 4.2–8 mm long; 2.6–5 mm wide; 2–3 mm thick; not overgrown; angular, or not angular; symmetrical; ovate, or rectangular, or reniform; compressed; with surface smooth; without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without hilar sinus; without umbo on seed faces; without medial ridge on each face. Cuticle not exfoliating; not inflated; not wrinkled. Testa present; without pieces of adhering epicarp; not adhering to endocarp; free from endocarp; glossy, or dull; not modified by a bloom; colored; monochrome, or mottled; with frequent mottles; brown, or tan, or yellow; with brown overlay; glabrous; smooth; coriaceous, or chartaceous. Pleurogram absent. Pseudopleurogram absent. Fracture lines absent, or present (rarely); transverse. Rim absent. Raphe not visible. Hilum present; visible; with faboid split; with the lips of the faboid split the same color as the rest of the hilum; larger than punctiform; 1–2 mm long; with curved outline; elliptic; marginal according to radicle tip; recessed; within rim and within halo, or within rim, or within halo; halo darker than testa; rim color of testa, or darker than testa. Lens discernible; 0.4–0.6 mm long; with margins straight; linear; not in groove of raphe; confluent with hilum; mounded, or flush; same color as testa, or dissimilar color from testa; darker than testa; black, or brown; within rim, or within halo; halo color darker than testa; rim color of testa, or darker than testa. Endosperm present; thin; not pluglike and not resembling tip of radicle; covering entire embryo, or restricted to region of embryo; adnate to testa, or embryo. Cotyledons smooth; both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; not concealing radicle; notched at radicle; without lobes; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; tan, or green (rarely); inner face flat; glabrous on inner face. Embryonic axis right angled; oblique to length of seed; without a joint evident between the radicle and the cotyledons. Radicle differentiated from cotyledon; bulbose, or linear; lobe tip curved; oblique to cotyledons; centered between cotyledons; less than 1/2 length of cotyledons. Plumule well developed; glabrous.

 

Distribution

New World tropics; Cultivated as a cover crop (C. mucunoides).

New World and Old World (naturalized); West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and South America; Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, and the Guianas; Indian Ocean, China, Indonesia and the Philippines, Pacific, and Hawaii (naturalized in the Old World).

Generic Notes

Calopogonium was revised for Brazil by Carvalho-Okano and Leitäo Filho (1985).

Tribal Notes

Tribe Phaseoleae

Bruneau et al. (1995) carried out cladistic analyses of tribe Phaseoleae using chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Their results indicated that the tribe is not monophyletic and that the tribal delimitations between Phaseoleae and Desmodieae (11) and between Phaseoleae and Millettieae (7) are problematic.