Exotic, but established
Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Enarmoniini)
Common names: cherry bark tortrix
Synonyms: ornatana (Tortrix), scriptana (Tortrix), woeberana (Pyralis), woeberiana (Tortrix)
FWLFWL:
forewing length; the distance from the base of the forewing to the apex, including fringe
: 7.0-9.0 mm
Forewings are black with distinctive yellow, orange, and silvery markings and a conspicuous ocellusocellus:
forewing pattern element - an ovoid region anterior to the tornus; adult head - a simple insect "eye" located dorsal to the compound eye 
with alternating black and yellow bands. Hindwings are dark grayish brown with a white fringe.
Male genitalia are characterized by a short, triangular uncusuncus:
a sclerotized process which is fused to the posterodorsal margin of tergum IX
; triangular, setosesetose:
covered with setae
sociisocii:
a pair of lightly sclerotized setose lobes
; and relatively short valvaevalva:
an appendage flanking the intromittent organ that is used to clasp the female during copulation
with a large basal cavity and single large, stout, ventrally directed seta at apexapex:
the point furthest removed from the base or at the end of the costal area 
. Female genitalia are characterized by single, triangular, blade-like signum in the corpus bursaecorpus bursae:
a dilated membranous sac at the anterior end of the bursa copulatrix
.
The following account is summarized from Swatschek (1958)Swatschek (1958):
Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae und Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.].
Mature larva approximately 8-11 mm in length; head brown; prothoracic shield brown, sometimes marked with black on the posterolateralposterolateral:
towards the rear and side; posterior and lateral 
margin; body whitish to gray to pinkish with darker gray pinaculapinaculum:
flattened sclerotized plates on a caterpillar that bear the setae
.
Adults of E. formosana have forewing coloration similar to some Olethreutes and related genera (Syricoris, Pristerognatha, etc.), although most of these species lack a defined ocellusocellus:
forewing pattern element - an ovoid region anterior to the tornus; adult head - a simple insect "eye" located dorsal to the compound eye . In North America, Eucosmomorpha nearctica may appear similar, but adults lack the black forewing ground color. A genitalic dissection can be used to easily separate the various genera listed here.
Enarmonia formosana pheromone traps in Washington have captured a wide variety of tortricines and olethreutines as well as moths in other families. Wing pattern is usually sufficient to separate E. formosana from non-target species.
There are contradictory reports of the number of generations per year in the literature. In North America, there appears to be a single generation per year, but the species displays "some bimodal flight tendencies" (Breedveld & Tanigoshi 2006). Peak numbers of adults are active from June to September.
The following account is summarized from Tanigoshi & Stary (2003).
Females lay eggs singly or in small clusters on tree bark. Larvae tunnel into the bark and feed under the surface. Older trees are usually more heavily infested; wounded tissue and the base of the tree are favored feeding sites. Larval damage is characterized by "frass tubes" consisting of fecal pellets, silk, and tree sap, which protrude from larval feeding sites. Overwintering occurs as a larva. Pupation occurs in the larval feeding tunnels close to the surface of the bark or within the frass tubes.
Larvae of Enarmonia formosana are a pest of fruit trees in the family Rosaceae. Larval damage results in swellings and cankers, and branches or entire trees may be killed. Larvae have also been recorded on beech (Fagaceae).
| Host plant | Host plant family | Reference(s) |
| Fagus sylvatica | Fagaceae | Akos 2001Akos 2001: Akos, P. 2001. [Damage of cherry bark tortrix moth Enarmonia formosana on beech] A keregmoly Enarmonia formosana Scopoli karositasa bukkon. Novenyvedelem. 371(1): 546 [in Hungarian]. |
| Cydonia sp. | Rosaceae | Lozzia 1988Lozzia 1988: Lozzia, G. C. 1988. Osservazioni sulla biologia e sugli attacchi al melo di Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Atti Congr. Naz. Ital. Entomol. 15: 549-555 [In Italian]. |
| Malus sylvestris | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Malus sp. | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Prunus armeniaca | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp.; Sermann & Zahn 1986 |
| Prunus avium | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp.; LaGasa database 2004LaGasa database 2004: LaGasa database. 2004. Food plant data base and personal communications with E. LaGasa, Washington State Department of Agriculture. |
| Prunus domestica | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Prunus dulcis | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Prunus laurocerasus | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Prunus persica | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Pyrus communis | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
| Sorbus sp. | Rosaceae | Bradley et al. 1979Bradley et al. 1979: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp. |
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Enarmonia formosana is widely distributed from western Europe and northern Africa to Asia Minor, Russia, and Siberia. The first North American records are from British Columbia in 1989 (Dang & Parker 1990). It was subsequently found in western Washington in 1991 and has since spread to Oregon.
