Type

Native

Taxonomy

Cydia caryana (Fitch) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Grapholitini)

Common names: hickory shuckworm

Adult Recognition

FWLFWL:
forewing length; the distance from the base of the forewing to the apex, including fringe
: 5.0-7.0 mm

Forewings are dark brown to black with a faint ocellusocellus:
forewing pattern element - an ovoid region anterior to the tornus; adult head - a simple insect "eye" located dorsal to the compound eye
. Hindwings are dark brown with a white patch on the upper basal half. Males have a row of black sex scales on the anal marginanal margin:
see anal angle
of the hindwing and lack a forewing costal foldforewing costal fold:
a flap or fold at the base of the forewing that contains specialized sex scales
.

Male genitalia are characterized by the absence of an uncusuncus:
a sclerotized process which is fused to the posterodorsal margin of tergum IX
; a large, domed tegumentegumen:
dorsal section of the transverse ring in male genitalia; often heavily sclerotized
; and distally rounded valvaevalva:
an appendage flanking the intromittent organ that is used to clasp the female during copulation
with a large basal cavity. Female genitalia are characterized by a sterigmasterigma:
the sclerotized region surrounding the female ostium bursae
with two well- sclerotizedsclerotized:
hardened; usually in reference to larval structures or adult genitalia
 small laterallateral:
to the side
lobes and two opposite, horn-like signasignum:
a sclerotized projection or patch on the interior of the corpus bursae
in the corpus bursaecorpus bursae:
a dilated membranous sac at the anterior end of the bursa copulatrix
.

Larval Morphology

The following account is summarized from MacKay (1959)MacKay (1959):
MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 10: 1-338..

Mature larva approximately 10 mm in length; width of head approximately 1.3 mm; head yellow-brown with darker laterallateral:
to the side
pigmentation; prothoracic shieldprothoracic shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the prothorax
and anal shieldanal shield:
a sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of the last abdominal segment (in larvae)
pale yellow-brown; body, legs pale; anal fork absent; SV group on A1, 2, 7, 8, 9 most often 2:3:2:1:1 but highly variable.

Detailed figures of larval chaetotaxychaetotaxy:
the arrangement of setae (in reference to Lepidoptera larvae), often depicted on a "setal map"
are available in MacKay (1959)MacKay (1959):
MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 10: 1-338..

Similar Species

Cydia caryana can be separated from most other Nearctic and Palearctic Cydia by the combination of dark brown to black forewings and white patch on the hindwings.

Biology

The following account is summarized from Payne & Heaton (1975).

Eggs are laid on pecans once the nuts have begun to form. Larvae tunnel into husks and nuts of the host plant. Overwintering occurs as mature larvae in husks on the ground. Pupation occurs in the late winter and early spring. Adults are present April through September. There are 4-5 generations in southern states. Larvae may also inhabit galls formed by Hemiptera and other insects.

Members of the Juglandaceae (pecan, hickory, and walnut) are the only recorded hosts. Larvae are occasional pests in commercial pecan orchards.

Host plant	Host plant family	Reference(s)
gall	Gall	MacKay 1959MacKay 1959: MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 10: 1-338.
gall on Carya sp.	Juglandaceae	Kimball 1965Kimball 1965: Kimball, C. P. 1965. The Lepidoptera of Florida: an annotated checklist. In : Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas, vol. 1. Florida Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville. 363 pp.
Carya illinoinensis	Juglandaceae	Heinrich 1923bHeinrich 1923b: Heinrich, C. 1923b. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 123: 1-298.; Moznette et al. 1940Moznette et al. 1940: Moznette, G. F., Nickels, C. B., Pierce, W. C., Bissell, T. L., Demaree, J. B., Cole, J. R., Parson, H. E., Large, J. R. 1940. Insects and diseases of the pecan and their control. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farm. Bulletin 1829. 70 pp.; Payne & Heaton 1975; Dinkins & Reid 1988; Eikenbary et al. 1991Eikenbary et al. 1991: Eikenbary, R. D., Campbell, R. K., Hedger, G. H., McDonough. L. M. 1991. Influences of Phylloxera notabilis Pergande on Cydia caryana (Fitch) populations on Carya illinoensis (Wang) genotypes. Symp. Biol. Hung. 39: 403-409.
Carya ovata	Juglandaceae	Moznette et al. 1940Moznette et al. 1940: Moznette, G. F., Nickels, C. B., Pierce, W. C., Bissell, T. L., Demaree, J. B., Cole, J. R., Parson, H. E., Large, J. R. 1940. Insects and diseases of the pecan and their control. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farm. Bulletin 1829. 70 pp.; Prentice 1966Prentice 1966: Prentice, R. M. 1966. Vol. 4. Microlepidoptera. In : Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest Insect Survey. Dept. For. Canada Publ. 1142: 543-840.
Carya sp.	Juglandaceae	Heinrich 1923bHeinrich 1923b: Heinrich, C. 1923b. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 123: 1-298.; MacKay 1959MacKay 1959: MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 10: 1-338.; Payne & Heaton 1975; McVay et al. 1994McVay et al. 1994: McVay, J. R., Eikenbary, R. D., Morrison, R. D., Kouskolekas, C. A. 1994. Adult emergence patterns. Population trends and activity patterns of the hickory shuckworm, Cydia caryana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) in pecan orchards. Journal of Entomological Science. 29: 526-533.
Juglans nigra	Juglandaceae	Moznette et al. 1940Moznette et al. 1940: Moznette, G. F., Nickels, C. B., Pierce, W. C., Bissell, T. L., Demaree, J. B., Cole, J. R., Parson, H. E., Large, J. R. 1940. Insects and diseases of the pecan and their control. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farm. Bulletin 1829. 70 pp.

Host plant table (embedded)

View full screen host table here

Distribution

Cydia caryana occurs widely in eastern North America from Nova Scotia west to Wisconsin and south to Florida and eastern Texas. It has yet to become a major pest in the western pecan producing regions such as Arizona and California.

Photo Credits

Fig. 5: Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service

Fig. 6: H. C. Ellis, University of Georgia (www.insectimages.org)

Links

Additional photos and a distribution map of this species in North America are available at Moth Photographers Group.