Anastrepha

Description

Body. Stout, elongate, tapering anteriorly. Integument unsclerotized, entirely whitish to yellowish. Caudal ridge absent. Mature larvae unable to jump.

Head. Head of normal shape. Antenna 2-segmented. Stomal organ: a pit with 3 peg-sensilla at lateral end of a large, elongate-rounded primary lobe; secondary lobes [usually] absent. Sclerotized stomal guards absent. Oral ridges present. Elongate, finger-like lobes arising above mandibles absent. Median oral lobe with projection below level of stomal lobes or absent. Labium broad.

Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Mandibles: With a single primary tooth (subapical teeth absent); base stout, nearly perpendicular to a line from ventral part of base to apex of mandible; mandible without neck. Parastomal bars elongate, free from hypopharyngeal sclerite. Dental sclerites apparently absent [not visible in lateral view].

Spinules and creeping welts. Dorsal spinules on few to all segments. Creeping welts present.

Anterior spiracles. Anterior spiracle elevated, margin concave medially, appearing bilobed. Anterior spiracular tubules usually in a single regular to irregular row.

Caudal segment (A8) and anal lobes. Sensilla on caudal segment 10 pairs, with at least 7 pairs visible under dissecting microscope. Dorsal caudal sensilla obvious, sessile or on separate papillae or tubercles. Intermediate caudal sensillum I3 obvious, but not on a papilla or tubercle. Lateral caudal sensillum obvious, but not on a papilla or tubercle. Intermediate caudal sensilla I1a and Ib obvious, on a single papilla or tubercle, bifid apically. Intermediate caudal sensillum I2 obvious. Intermediate caudal sensilla I1a and Ib and I2 on separate papillae or tubercles. Ventral caudal sensilla absent or visible only with great difficulty, or obvious, but not on a papilla or tubercle (2 pits, 1 papilla). Anal lobes plainly visible, more or less protuberant; simple, grooved, or bifid.

Posterior spiracles. Posterior spiracular area not distinctly set off from caudal segment. Three posterior spiraclular openings arranged approximately in parallel, each with well-sclerotized rima and inner trabeculae, 3-5 times longer than wide. Four sets of spiracular processes (dorsal, intermediate 1 and 2, and ventral) comprising a variable number of bristles (counted as trunks) in a linear series arising from a short to long, curved to semicircular base, unbranched to multiply branched (counted as tips). Area between posterior spiracles smooth.

Host plants

Many families.

Part of plant attacked: fruit or seed.

Biogeographic region and distribution

Neotropical, Nearctic

USA: some naturally occurring species in Florida and Texas; chronic invasions by pest species into California, Florida, and Texas.
Caribbean: Greater Antilles and many islands of the Lesser Antilles.
South America: all countries except Chile.
Mexico
Central America: all countries.

Status of knowledge

The genus Anastrepha includes 328 described species and many undescribed species (Norrbom et al. 2012+, Norrbom et al. 2021). To date, published descriptions of varying detail are available for the immature stages of 29 species (Steck et al. 2019, Rodriguez et al. 2022). The most useful keys are those of Steck et al. (1990), White and Elson-Harris (1992), and Carroll et al. (2004+).
Host plant records are given in CoFFHI (2022).

Adult taxonomy

Anastrepha Schiner 1868
Anastrepha Schiner 1868: 263, Dacus serpentinus Wiedemann (OD).
Acrotoxa Loew 1873: 227, Dacus fraterculus Wiedemann, Bezzi 1909: 280 (SD).
Pseudodacus Hendel 1914: 66, Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi (OD). Proposed as a subgenus.
Phobema Aldrich 1925: 7, atrox Aldrich (OD).
Lucumaphila Stone 1939: 340, sagittata Stone (OD).
Pseudodacus Hendel 1914: 97, Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi (OD). Preocc. Hendel 1914: 66.
Pseudodacus Hendel 1914: 13, Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi (OD). Preocc. Hendel 1914: 66.
Instrypetas Herrera, Rangel & Barreda 1900: 5, Nomen nudum.
Anastrepa Cresson 1908: 98, missp. Anastrepha Schiner.
Instrypeta Foote 1967: 11, missp. Instrypetas Herrera, Rangel & Barreda.
Anastraphe Hardy 1968: 145, missp. Anastrepha Schiner.

References

Carroll, L. E., A. L. Norrbom, M. J. Dallwitz, and F. C. Thompson. 2004 onwards. Pest fruit flies of the world – larvae. Version: 8th December 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.

Norrbom, A.L. and K.C. Kim. 1988. A list of the reported host plants of the species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). USDA-APHIS. 81-52, 114 p.

Norrbom, A.L., L.E. Carroll, F.C. Thompson, I.M. White and A. Freidberg. 1999. Systematic database of names, pp. 65-251 & 7,104 records. In ‘Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Biosystematic Information Database’. (Ed. F.C. Thompson.) Myia (1998) 9: 524 pp. Also Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) (1998) 1: \names\fruitfly.

Norrbom, A. L., C. A. Korytkowski, R. A. Zucchi, K. Uramoto, G. L. Venable, J. McCormick, and M. J. Dallwitz. 2012 onwards. Anastrepha and Toxotrypana: descriptions, illustrations, and interactive keys. Version: 28th September 2013. Available at: http://delta-intkey.com.

Norrbom, Allen L., E. J. Rodriguez, G. J. Steck, B. A. Sutton and N. Nolazco. 2015. New species and host plants of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) primarily from Peru and Bolivia. ZooTaxa 4041: 1-94.

Norrbom, A. L., A. Muller, A. Gangadin, B. A. Sutton, E. J. Rodriguez, M. Savaris, S. Lampert, P. A. Rodriguez Clavijo, G. J. Steck, M. R. Moore, N. Nolazco, H. Troya, C. Keil, A. Padilla, B. M. Wiegmann, M. Branham and R. Ruiz-Arce. 2021. New species and host plants of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) primarily from Suriname and Pará, Brazil. Zootaxa 5044: 74 pp.

Rodriguez, Erick J., G. J. Steck, M. R. Moore, A. L. Norrbom, L. A. Somma, R. Ruiz-Arce, B. D. Sutton, N. Nolazco, A. Muller, and M. A. Branham. 2022. Exceptional larval morphology of nine Anastrepha species (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a discussion of relationships within the mucronota group. (manuscript)

Steck, G. J., L. E. Carroll, H. Celedonio H. and J. C. Guillen A. 1990. Methods for identification of Anastrepha larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae), and key to 13 species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92: 333-346.

Steck, G. J., E. J. Rodriguez, A. L. Norrbom, V. S. Dutra, B. Ronchi-Teles, J. Gomes Silva. 2019. Review of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) Immature Stage Taxonomy. pp 57-88 In: Pérez-Staples. D., Diaz-Fleischer F., Montoya P., and Vera T. (eds.), Area-Wide Management of Fruit Fly Pests, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA 

White, I. M. and M. M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. International Institute of Entomology, London. xii + 601 p.