Classification

Tortricoidea: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Grapholitini: Cydia

Synonyms

Carpocapsa, Laspeyresia, Melissopus, many others

Larval diagnosis (Detailed)

Cydia is a worldwide genus that is found on every continent except Antarctica (Gilligan and Epstein 2012Gilligan and Epstein 2012:
Gilligan, T. M. and M. E. Epstein. 2012. TortAI, Tortricids of Agricultural Importance to the United States (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Identification Technology Program (ITP), USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T, Fort Collins, CO.). Cydia contains approximately 200 described species (Gilligan et al. 2012Gilligan et al. 2012:
Gilligan, T. M., J. Baixeras, J. W. Brown and K. R. Tuck. 2012. T@RTS: Online World Catalogue of the Tortricidae (Ver. 2.0).) and includes many pest species, such as the codling moth, which is the most widely distributed and important pest of apple, pear, and walnuts in the world. Cydia larvae are the most frequently intercepted tortricids at U.S. ports of entry and most interceptions are on Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Pinaceae, or Rosaceae from Asia, Europe, or Mexico. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
are whitish to reddish and resemble those of other internal-feeding olethreutines.

Brown (2011)Brown (2011):
Brown, J. W. 2011. Tools for identifying the larvae of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) frequently intercepted at U.S. ports of entry. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 19 pp. divided intercepted tortricid larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
into four "types." "Cydia type" larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
are characterized by: D1 and SD1 on the same pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
on A9; L group on T1 not extending beneath the spiracle; and anal combanal comb:
the mesal sclerotized prong ventrad of the anal plate and adjacent to the anus; used to eject frass
absent. It is difficult to provide a more specific larval diagnosis for the genus given the morphological variability within the group. MacKay (1959)MacKay (1959):
MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist Supplement 10: 1-338. treated the genus in at least eight different groups (Carpocapsa Groups 1-2, Laspyresia Group 1-5, and Melissopus), with most species grouped by host preference, and she included species in other genera (Grapholita). Other authors (e.g., Brown 1987Brown 1987:
Brown, R. L. 1987. Tortricidae (Tortricoidea), pp. 419-433. In Stehr, F. W. (ed.), Immature Insects. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.) have also grouped Cydia by the specific commodity on which they feed. We follow suit here and provide a discussion of various intercepted species grouped by host and a short section on other morphologically similar species.

Castanea-feeders

Castanea-feeding Cydia are the most frequently intercepted tortricid species. This group includes four Cydia (two from Europe and two from Asia): C. splendana, C. fagiglandana, C. glandicolana, and C. kurokoi. Two other commonly intercepted tortricids on Castanea include Pammene fasciana and Fibuloides (= Eucoenogenes) aestuosa. See the Cydia splendana for a detailed discussion of larval morphology within this group.

Conifer-feeders

Several conifer-feeding Cydia are intercepted at ports of entry. This list includes: C. araucariae, C. strobilella, and likely members of the C. toreuta complex.

Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of Cydia araucariae are found in the seeds of Brazilian pine (Araucariaceae: Araucaria angustifolia) imported from Brazil, Argentina, and possibly Chile. Although host/origin is likley sufficient to identify this species, other larval characters from Brown (2011)Brown (2011):
Brown, J. W. 2011. Tools for identifying the larvae of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) frequently intercepted at U.S. ports of entry. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 19 pp. include: body sometimes pinkish with medium large, pale brown pinaculapinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
; prothoracic shieldprothoracic shield:
the dorsal shieldlike covering of the first thoracic segment
light brown, anal shieldanal shield:
the dorsal shieldlike covering of the last abdominal segment (= anal plate)
dark brown; L pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
of T1 rather large, sometimes notched distally; L setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
of A9 sometimes all on the same pinaculapinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
; SV group 3:3:2(3):1(2):1; number of crochetscrochets:
sclerotized, hooklike structures, usually arranged in rows or circles on the prolegs of Lepidoptera larvae
on abdominal prolegsabdominal prolegs:
all prolegs on any abdominal segment except the last, which are Anal prolegs
34-37. Pastrana (1961)Pastrana (1961):
Pastrana, J. A. 1961. Observaciones biologicas y descripcion de los estados inmaduros de Laspeyresia araucariae Lep. Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas Buenos Aires 15: 393-402. described the larvalarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
and pupa.

Cydia strobilella is a pest of spruce in the Palearctic. It ranges from Europe to China and Japan and it is also present in the northern U.S. and Canada. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
are usually intercepted on spruce (Pinaceae: Picea) cones imported from Europe. No species-level larval characters are listed by Brown (2011)Brown (2011):
Brown, J. W. 2011. Tools for identifying the larvae of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) frequently intercepted at U.S. ports of entry. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 19 pp., and the host/origin association is enough to provide an identification.

Unidentified Cydia larvae are frequently intercepted on a variety of hosts from Mexico. Some of these larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
likely belong to the Cydia toreuta complex of species. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
from this group feed in the cones of various Pinus species, and several species (both described and undescribed) are present in Mexico. For additional information on this group see Miller (1959, 1966), Abrahamson and Kraft (1965)Abrahamson and Kraft (1965):
Abrahamson, L. P. and K. J. Kraft. 1965. A population study of the cone moth Laspeyresia toreuta Grote in Pinus banksiana stands. Ecology 46: 561-563., and Heinrich (1926)Heinrich (1926):
Heinrich, C. 1926. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamilies Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum. 132: 1-216.. Cibrian-Tovar et al. (1995)Cibrian-Tovar et al. (1995):
Cibrian-Tovar, D., J. T. Mendez-Montiel., R. Campos-Bolanos, H. O. Yates III and J. Flores-Lara. 1995. Insectos forestales de Mexico/Forest Insects of Mexico. Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo, Mexico. 453 pp. illustrated many forest pests of Mexico in color. Other Cydia species intercepted from Mexico include C. latiferreana, which feeds on oak (Quercus) and C. deshaisiana, the Mexican jumping bean moth (see below).

Euphorbiaceae-feeders

Cydia deshaisiana, the Mexican jumping bean moth, is a native of Mexico and is found in the northern states of Sinoloa and Sonora. Mexican jumping beans are frequently imported into the U.S., occasionally in large numbers. Several websites are available that supply the "beans," complete with live larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
, on a commercial scalescale:
a highly modified seta, which is somewhat expanded and usually flattened above
(such sites include http://www.jbean.com and http://www.jumpingbeansrus.com). The "beans" are actually seeds of various Euphorbiaceae, including Croton, Sapium, and Sebastiania. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
feeding inside the seeds are able to move or "jump" the seeds, or "beans," by rapid twitching; this behavior is triggered by temperature and may be a mechanism to move the seed to a more favorable location (such as out of direct sunlight). Tortricid larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
within Euphorbiaceae seeds from Mexico are easily identified as C. deshaisiana (Gilligan et al. 2012Gilligan et al. 2012:
Gilligan, T. M., J. Baixeras, J. W. Brown and K. R. Tuck. 2012. T@RTS: Online World Catalogue of the Tortricidae (Ver. 2.0).). Note that many records in PestID are listed under a synonym (C. saltitans). The larvalarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
was illustrated in color by Wagner (2005)Wagner (2005):
Wagner, D. L. 2005. Caterpillars of eastern North America: A guide to identification and natural history. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 512 pp..

Fabaceae-feeders

Several species of Cydia feed on beans (Fabaceae). Some of these include C. fabivora (now Ecdytolopha fabivora), C. torostoma, and C. nigricana. The last two species have never been reported in PestID and are not treated here. Razowski (2011)Razowski (2011):
Razowski, J. 2011. New species, new genera, and new combinations of Grapholitini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from the Neotropical Region. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 54B: 37-101. moved fabivora into Ecdytolopha, although this species is still placed in Cydia in most publications and databases. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of E. fabivora are occasionally intercepted on Phaseolus or Glycine max from Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Larval damage to beans is similar to that caused by Crocidosema aporema; however, larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of C. aporema feed primarily on young leaflets while those of E. fabivora feed in the stems and pods; see the Crocidosema aporema for more information that species. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of E. fabivora are similar to many other species in the Cryptophlebia-Ecdytolopha group, with an enlarged L-pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
on the prothoraxprothorax:
the first thoracic segment
that extends beneath (and usually beyond) the spiracle; this character state is not present in Cydia larvae.

Rosaceae-feeders

Many of the best known tortricid species are pests of stone or pome fruit in the family Rosaceae. Internal feeders in this group include many Cydia and Grapholita species. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of these two genera are similar in appearance but can usually be separated by the anal combanal comb:
the mesal sclerotized prong ventrad of the anal plate and adjacent to the anus; used to eject frass
, which is present in many Grapholita and absent in most Cydia. The most important Cydia pest is C. pomonella, which is found on apple, pear, walnut, almond, apricot, fig, macadamia, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, quince, and a variety of other hosts. See the Cydia pomonella for detailed information on that species.

Non-Cydia species

Several other species are included in Brown's (2011) "Cydia-type" group. These species all have D1 and SD1 on the same pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
on A9, the L group on T1 does not extend beneath the spiracle, and an anal combanal comb:
the mesal sclerotized prong ventrad of the anal plate and adjacent to the anus; used to eject frass
is absent. Talponia batesi is frequently intercepted on cherimoya (Annonaceae: Annona) from Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of T. batesi are easily separated from those of Cydia by the following characters: D1, D2, and SD1 setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
on A9 all on same enlarged (ill-defined) pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
; integumentintegument:
the outer body wall (epidermis + cuticle); the "skin"
conspicuously spiny; crochetscrochets:
sclerotized, hooklike structures, usually arranged in rows or circles on the prolegs of Lepidoptera larvae
on abdominal prolegsabdominal prolegs:
all prolegs on any abdominal segment except the last, which are Anal prolegs
16-19. Tetramoera schistaceana is occasionally intercepted on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) from Asia. Host and origin is sufficient to separate larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of this species from those of Cydia. In addition to several Cydia species, Pammene fasciana and Fibuloides aestuosa are intercepted on Castanea from Europe and Asia. See Cydia splendana for a detailed discussion of larval morphology within this group.

Identification Authority (Detailed)

Identifications of Cydia should be restricted to internal-feeding tortricid larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
that possess all three of the following characters: D1 and SD1 on the same pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
on A9; L group on T1 not extending beneath the spiracle; and anal combanal comb:
the mesal sclerotized prong ventrad of the anal plate and adjacent to the anus; used to eject frass
absent. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
in other genera may have similar morphology, and the most commonly intercepted species with this set of characters that are NOT Cydia include: T. batesi (on Annona from Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean), T. schistaceana (on Saccharum from Asia), P. fasciana (on Castanea from Europe), and F. aestuosa (on Castanea from Asia). Other similar species include many Grapholita, but all of the major Grapholita pests have an anal combanal comb:
the mesal sclerotized prong ventrad of the anal plate and adjacent to the anus; used to eject frass
.

Key to larval Tortricidae intercepted, or potentially encountered, at U.S. ports of entry

Origin records

Cydia have been intercepted from the following locations:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Azores, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait (?), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Korea, Palestinian Territory, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia

Host records

Cydia have been intercepted on the following hosts:

Acer sp., Acer tataricum, Aesculus sp., Allium sp., Alstroemeria sp., Araucaria angustifolia, Araucaria araucana, Araucaria sp., Arctostaphylos manzanita, Asteraceae, Bertholletia excelsa, Capsicum sp., Carya illinoinensis, Carya sp., Castanea crenata, Castanea dentata, Castanea mollissima, Castanea pumila, Castanea sativa, Castanea sp., Chamaedorea sp., Chamelaucium sp., Citrus sinensis, Citrus sp., Coccoloba uvifera, Corylus sp., Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus pinnatifida, Cucurbita sp., Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cydonia oblonga, Eleocharis sp., Erythrina berteroana, Erythrina sp., Fagus sp., Ficus carica, Ficus sp., Inga edulis, Inga laurina, Inga sp., Juglans regia, Juglans sp., Juncus sp., Malus domestica, Malus sp., Malus sylvestris, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Mentha sp., Mespilus sp., Momordica charantia, Musa sp., Ocimum basilicum, Opuntia sp., Opuntia tuna, Pachira sp., Pandanus sp., Phaseolus sp., Phaseolus vulgaris, Phoenix sp., Physalis sp., Picea abies, Pinaceae, Pinus edulis, Pinus sp., Pisum sativum, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis sp., Protea sp., Prunus americana, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, Prunus sp., Psidium guajava, Psidium sp., Punica granatum, Punica sp., Pyrus bretschneideri, Pyrus communis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus sp., Quercus coccifera, Quercus sp., Ribes sp., Salvia officinalis, Salvia sp., Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosum, Trifolium sp., Triticum aestivum, Tropaeolum majus, Vicia faba, Zea mays

Lily, corn, Opuntia, and seagrape are especially suspect records in need of confirmation.