Classification

Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Cybalomiinae:Trichophysetis duplifascialis Hampson

Common name

jasmine budworm

Synonyms

Hendecasis duplifascialis

Larval diagnosis (Detailed)

The larvalarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of Trichophysetis duplifascialis, the jasmine budworm, was described by Amutha and David (1998)Amutha and David (1998):
Amutha, S. and B. V. David. 1998. Chaetotaxy of three pyralid larvae on four Jasminum species. Advances in Biology 17: 65-80., although their illustrations are diagrammatic and their key to related species is hard to understand. They do provide useful information by recording three crambids, T. duplifascialis, Palpita vitrealis (=Diaphania or Margaronia unionis), and Nausinoe geometralis, from jasmine in India. All these species are widespread throughout the Old World and thus identification of T. duplifascialis requires a comparison to caterpillars found on the same host.

The most important morphological characters of T. duplifascialis are setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
A1, A2 and pucture Aa not in a single line (Amutha and David 1998Amutha and David 1998:
Amutha, S. and B. V. David. 1998. Chaetotaxy of three pyralid larvae on four Jasminum species. Advances in Biology 17: 65-80.); XD2 equidistant from SD1 and XD1 on the prothoraxprothorax:
the first thoracic segment
with all three setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
forming a vertical line; the SV group trisetosetrisetose:
three setae
on A1; and the crochetscrochets:
sclerotized, hooklike structures, usually arranged in rows or circles on the prolegs of Lepidoptera larvae
of A3-6 in an almost closed biordinalbiordinal:
crochets arranged in a single row of alternating lengths
circle (Weisman 1986Weisman 1986:
Weisman, D. M. 1986. Keys for the identification of some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine series 81-47. 64 pp., Solis 1999Solis 1999:
Solis, M. A. 1999. Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U.S. ports of entry: revision of Pyraloidea in "Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae" by D. M. Weisman 1986. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 645-686., 2011). The very long pointed spinneretspinneret:
a structure from which silk is spun, usually located on the labium of larvae
and the oblong prespiracular pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
located below the spiracle in T. duplifascialis are also unusual. We could not understand "setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
L1, L2 and L3 of the laterallateral:
to the side, or at the side of
group up to the eight segment" in T. duplifascialis and the same situation up to the sixth segment in other species (Amutha and David 1998Amutha and David 1998:
Amutha, S. and B. V. David. 1998. Chaetotaxy of three pyralid larvae on four Jasminum species. Advances in Biology 17: 65-80.); this implies that there are chaetotaxychaetotaxy:
the arrangement and nomenclature of setae; see setal map
differences that might help in identification.

Other more easily observed features can be suggested. The larvalarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of Nausinoe geometralis was described by Huang (1965) and Singh (2012)Singh (2012):
Singh, D. 2012. Morphotaxonomy of immature stages of some economically important pyraloidea (Ditrysia: Lepidoptera) of Punjabi. Punjabi University Ph.D. Dissertation. 281 pages.. The head of N. geometralis has bands (Huang 1965) unlike T. duplifascialis that has a solid dark head (TNAU Agritech Portal 2013). The photo of N. geometralis in Singh (2012: plateplate:
a larger sclerotized area of the body; = shield
12) shows a few pigmented thoracic pinaculapinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
. All the thoracic pinaculapinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
of T. duplifascialis are pale. These color differences will likely show in both living and preserved larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
.

Mathur and Singh (1963)Mathur and Singh (1963):
Mathur, R. N. and P. Singh. 1963. Immature Stages of Indian Lepidoptera. No. 13 Pyralidae, Sub-family Pyraustinae. Indian Forest Records, n.s. (Entomology) 10: l17-148. partially illustrated the larvalarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
of Palpita vitrealis (as Diaphania unionis) with detailed drawings. The adfrontal area does not reach the epicranial notchepicranial notch:
the V-shaped dorsomedial space delimited laterally by the cranial halves
and SD1 is slightly posteriorposterior:
caudal or rear
of a line connecting XD1 and XD2. In addition, the prothoracic SV setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
lie at the anterioranterior:
front; in front of
end of an elongate pinaculapinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
. These characters can be used to separate T. duplifascialis from P. vitrealis. The adfrontal area of T. duplifascialis reaches the epicranial notchepicranial notch:
the V-shaped dorsomedial space delimited laterally by the cranial halves
, the XD and SD1 setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
form a vertical line and the SV setaeseta:
a hairlike projection of the body wall that is articulated in a socket; compare to spine
on the prothoraxprothorax:
the first thoracic segment
are in the middle of the SV pinaculumpinaculum:
a small, flat, or slightly elevated chitinized area bearing a seta or setae
. The larval color of P. vitrealis is green (TNAU Agritech Portal 2013); this implies a green head that would be different from the dark head of T. duplifascialis.

There is an Elasmopalpus on jasmine (TNAU Agritech Portal 2013). We do not have larval information on this species but we expect it has the normal characters of the Phycitinae that easily separate it from T. duplifascialis.

Identification Authority (Detailed)

Host and origin are important clues for identification of T. duplifascialis. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
apparently feed only on jasmine (Robinson et al. 1994Robinson et al. 1994:
Robinson, G. S., K. R. Tuck, M. Shaffer and K. Cook. 1994. A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 309 pp., 2001). Other plant records in Weisman (1986)Weisman (1986):
Weisman, D. M. 1986. Keys for the identification of some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine series 81-47. 64 pp. and Solis (1999, 2011) require confirmation with reared adults.

The distribution of T. duplifascialis sometimes includes West Africa (Kalshoven 1981Kalshoven 1981:
Kalshoven, L. G. E. 1981. The pests of crops in Indonesia. P. T. Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve. Jakarta, Indonesia. Revised by P. A. van der Laan and G. L. H. Rothschild. 701 pages.). Copeland et al. (2004)Copeland et al. (2004):
Copeland, R. S., I. M. White, M. Okumu, P. Machera and R. A. Wharton. 2004. Insects associated with fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with special reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera), pp. 135-164. In: N. L. Evenhuis and K. Y. Kaneshiro (eds). Dilbert Elmo Hardy Memorial Volume. Contributions to the Systematics and Evolution of Diptera. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 12. recorded a Hendecasis sp. near duplifascialis from Kenya. African examples from jasmine that key out correctly in Solis (2006, 2011) can be taken to genus. Robinson et al. (1994)Robinson et al. (1994):
Robinson, G. S., K. R. Tuck, M. Shaffer and K. Cook. 1994. A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 309 pp. mentioned only India, Thailand, and the Philippines (including interceptions from this country at Hawaiian ports). They did say the range was probably wider than these three countries. China (Wang et al. 2003Wang et al. 2003:
Wang, J. S., S. M. Song, Y. Y. Wu and T. M. Chen. 2003. Fauna of Pyralidae of Wuyishan Nature Reserve in China. China Science and Technology Press. Beijing, China. 328 pp.) and Japan (Shibuya 1931Shibuya 1931:
Shibuya, J. 1931. The Endotrichinae of Japan. Insecta Matsumurana 5: 161-170.) can also be included. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
from countries that do not list T. duplifascialis as part of the fauna should only be identified to subfamily or family, even if from jasmine.

The damage of T. duplifascialis was illustrated by Kalshoven (1981)Kalshoven (1981):
Kalshoven, L. G. E. 1981. The pests of crops in Indonesia. P. T. Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve. Jakarta, Indonesia. Revised by P. A. van der Laan and G. L. H. Rothschild. 701 pages.. Larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
bore into the buds of jasmine unlike other related species that are leaf tiers (TNAU Agritech Portal 2013).

Trichophysetis duplifascialis is currently in the Cybalomiinae, an Old World group of 72 species, whose known larvaelarva:
the stages between the egg and pupa of those insects having complete metamorphosis
also feed almost exclusively on Brassicales (Regier et al. 2012Regier et al. 2012:
Regier, J. C., C. Mitter, M. A. Solis, J. E. Hayden, B. Landry, M. Nuss, T. J. Simonsen, S-H.Yen, A. Zwick and M. P. Cummings. 2012. A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology 37: 635-656.). Jasmine is in the Oleaceae, making T. duplifascialis an exception. Larval characters of T. duplifascialis fit the Spilomelinae/Pyraustine complex where Solis and Maes (2002)Solis and Maes (2002):
Solis, M. A. and K. V. N. Maes. 2002. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Crambidae (Pyraloidea: Lepidoptera). Belgian Journal of Entomology 4: 53-95. placed the Cybalomiinae.

Origin records

Trichophysetis duplifascialis has been intercepted from the following locations:

Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Tahiti, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Viet Nam

Countries from outside of Southeast Asia have been omitted from this list.

Host records

Trichophysetis duplifascialis has been intercepted on the following hosts:

Jasminum sp. (Jasminum grandiflorum, Jasminum officinale, Jasminum sambac)

Other hosts besides Jasminum listed in PestID are not included here.